Keda Case Analysis Essay

Organization ERP supports tightly knit collaboration among different sections. departmental boundaries are replaced by streamline data flows & unified short letter processes. Human Resources- Management, department heads, IT staff and consumptionrs worked as a team. Keda provided high customization crosswise increasingly diverse crossing lines to meet client needs. Technology- Technology is integrated to support all primary activities. ERP enables flow of information across department, so by the way and strategic decisions are made.Purchasing Technology enabled right estimates and timely access of raw fabrics. Stocking could be limited dish up Customer Service and repair of separate Service Customer Service and repair of parts Outbound IT helped keep booster cable of delivery of customized products and faster financial expiation Outbound IT helped keep track of delivery of customized products and faster financial propitiation Inbound ERP enabled effective inventory di rection Inventory could be acquire in timely manner Inbound ERP enabled effective inventory charge Inventory could be received in timely manner tradeing & SalesLow percentage of unsold inventory, improved market responsiveness, be estimates Marketing & Sales Low percentage of unsold inventory, improved market responsiveness, costing estimates Operations Keda has a broad go spanning industrial machinery for ceramics, stone processing, build Materials & energy resource management Operations Keda has a broad offering spanning industrial machinery for ceramics, stone processing, building Materials & energy resource management 2) Reasons for Keda to embark on an ERP murder project There was a pressure and incentives from Chinese government to advertise computerization in corporations in an effort to catch up with the contrary firms. 3) Inventory Management-  Kedas low volume and high customization across an increasingly diverse product line made it difficult to k eep track of the many unique, individual parts. 4) Cost Management Mess in material management made cost of a product un gain ground and costing was based on experience. Profit or loss from sale of product was unclear due to mess in material management. Thus set of products was difficult. ) Opportunity Cost Keda struggled to meet demand. It produced much below the market demand. Suboptimal use of resources represented a significant opportunity cost for the company. Reusable materials were scrapped and scarce machine time was often wasted. 6) MRP II system Keda had opened quadruple pants. The existing MRP II system could not support multi-plant operations. 3) Critical winner factors and the structures in place spend management support, key users involvement and clear types and responsibilities among IT, consultants and staff were critical success factors and central to the initiatives success.The implementation team was built taking into account the roles and responsibilitie s of all the employees of Keda. Top management were accountable for critical decisions, key users supplied the actual data, IT staff utilize this data as requirements for the process project, managers and department head acted as intermediaries between users and IT team. The key users were at the core, the consultants acted as coaches and the IT officers provided task support to users and consultants.Vital representatives such as departmental managers and essential operational staff possessed cosmopolitan understanding of the operations and needs of the department. Top management would provide general project direction and make critical decisions consulting support would be provided by personnel from Digital China project managers would be assigned from twain KEDA and Digital China departmental representatives would oversee the business process purpose and system design aspects and the IT department would provide all necessary practiced support.Each ERP system module was ass igned an owner from the associated department, who was fully responsible for the workflow and operational details of the module. The key users ensured that the systems design correctly reflected business practices, and they also played a crucial role in training users within their respective departments. Manager from each department worked closely with the IT department. Determined team effort was a beneficial and essential part of project success. Involving all the stakeholders helped limit resistance and endless changes formerly the system went live.

Electronic Health Records Essay

The medical checkup and wellness safekeeping field is characterized with the cumber roughly practice of obtaining and maintaining extensive documentation of patient education. aesculapian staff, physicians and wellnessc be practiti peerlessrs argon legally responsible to maintain a comprehensive, efficacious as well as effective focussing to collect, maintain and document patient learning. Traditionally, this process of information collection and maintenance was accomplished manual(a)ly resulting in an endless paper trail of information.Everything from patient adventures to informational charts to billing was penalise in a paper constitute environment and soon this render keeping method became too overbearing and tedious to manage. The integrity of this manual paper-based process continued to be compromised with issues surrounding the convenience, selective information mining ability, m nonp ariltary value and safety of this method.The climax of new health care dis ciplines such as nursing, medical technologists and associated health care disciplines, and the emergence of hospitals, infirmaries and clinics as formalized structures of health care delivery expanded the scale of inter military meet between health care providers and health care consumers. However, in spite of these and associated developments, the tradition of covert and confidentiality remained.Operationally, the new health care professions were seen as extensions of, and as subsidiary to, the medical profession and similar injunctions concerning seclusion and confidentiality applied. (Doyle, 2001) Further, health care decision reservation continued to centre in the direct and interpersonal relationship between the professional and the client that had characterized it from its very beginning.An burning(prenominal) step in the revolution of this scenario occurred with the introduction of electronic means of storing and manipulating patient data. The pace of this transformati on was quicken by the development of advanced computer-based information technology. At first glance, these developments may seem like purely technological improvements mere steps, as it were, along the road to the greater ease of collecting, storing and manipulating patient data. However, what actually happened was to a greater extent profound.The advent of electronic means of data storage, retrieval and manipulation facilitated the evolution of health care decision-making structures away from the small-scale immediate-contact model that had characterized medicine and health care from the beginning to a new model that no longer dealt with the physician-patient encounter as sole decision-resource but instead centered on the information package that described and defined the patient from a decision-making perspective.That is to say, considered in one way, the modern electronically based data package that describes the patient backside be seen as a mere variation on the traditiona l package that was paper-based and that involved the manual manipulation of a material medium. From that perspective, electronic records do not differ fundamentally from paper-based records. While electronically based records may be more compact, more advantageously available, etc. , this is save a peripheral difference as far as their disposition as records is concerned.Therefore in this sense, there is nothing about electronic patient records that in principle makes them different from paper based records. Its a normal trend for clinical departments to work for years with their profess people, budget, and vendors to come up with a method of capturing their patient and billing data electronically, and that personalized method is one definition of an EHR. In actual fact, one point of argument regarding EHRs is simply a question of semantics. There are various definitions for an EHR. At one end of the scale, an EHR includes everything from patients sometime(prenominal) medical h istory to diet and lifestyle preferences.At the otherwise end, it croupe be as simple as an e-mail message to a fellow clinician. Our definition of an EHR is simply a repository of clinically important data that may be accessed and searched with relative ease and in a rapid manner. Today, the use of EHR systems has revolutionized the medical field industry by facilitating a more efficient record keeping process and a more effective communication medium for medical personnel to exchange information. many another(prenominal) healthcare personnel now understand the importance and the impact these EHR systems are having on the overall delivery of customer service and the general nerve of healthcare.Medical practitioners are constantly faced with challenges including the need to improve the feeling of care, adhere to new clinical restrictions and processes, reduce waste and reduce errors. In recent times these challenges have been less of a burden as automated integrated systems hel p coordinate such process overmuch better. Computerized systems like EHR systems help in reducing the amount of paperwork for medical offices, providing an easier way to access patient information, promoting more uniform delivery of processes and in some respects suggesting appropriate diagnosis and treatment for certain conditions.While the health care information superhighway has brought such benefits as detailed health and medical information and has increased the efficiency of managed care organizations in data collection and analysis, outsiders who have access to patient s medical histories are using them as tools of discrimination in employment, promotions, redress coverage, and even politics.Dr. Denise Nagel, chairman of Coalition for Patient Rights of New England, state, The traditional mightily of medical hiding, defend by the Hippocratic Oath, is macrocosm eroded as our medical records plough transformed into commodities desired by insurers, employers, research ers, and yes, even police. (Gellman, 2002) She goes on to give the spokesperson of a woman, who with only average computer skills, was able to access information about the psychiatric condition from her medical record in an insurance companys database.Concerned that future employers would obtain it as easily as she had, she requested its removal, but was turned d own by the company (Tobler, 2002). When a confidential list of 4,000 AIDS patients wound up in newsrooms in Tampa, Florida, last year, it was discovered that the computerized medical records had been tapped by a major p misuseaceutical company (Bennett, 2002). These examples arouse concern about how secluded medical data really is. Patients have the right to keep their medical history private for their own protection, but that privacy is increasingly existence threatened by the growth of the information superhighway.There would have to be a provision that even for real ends, the worsts of the records would have to be notified if patients records were to be accessed, the reason why they were being accessed, and the extent to which such an irreverence into the privacy of the individual was going to take place. This would have to go hand-in-hand with the right of the subject of the record to challenge the look at that privacy must(prenominal) be breached by the punctually empowered favorable agency.Similar remarks apply to the activities of other duly authorized social institutions. For example, some jurisdictions have started to construct networked data share agencies that monitor the filling of medical prescriptions. (Bennett, 2002) The alleged purpose of such a surveillance network is safety It is to ensure that the prescriptions that are actually being filled for a given patient do not scrap or synergetically interact with each other, or otherwise have a deleterious effect on the patients health.Another, ancillary purpose is to control the misuse of drugs, to prevent physician-shopping for multiple prescriptions of controlled substances that are then change illegally, etc. Specifically, one may distinguish between social ruin that would be avoided or minimized and personal equipment casualty for the individual patient. If the claim is that societal harm would be minimized by such an intrusion into personal privacy, certain considerations must be borne in mind.First, any action that limits the application of a principle has consequences that extend beyond the immediate action itself. Thus, abandoning the principle of privacy on a given occasion has the movement to undermine the sense of trust that people have in social institutions and in the maintenance of their rights. Consequently, when such an intrusion for security purposes occurs, care must be taken that the potential harm in undermining confidence in societal protection of individual privacy is outweighed by the harm that it is intend to prevent.Second, the Principle of Equality and Justice would entail that any such abrogation of the individuals right of privacy must be incontrovertibly necessary and could not be achieved by a less interfering course of action. Third, any such abrogation of the individuals right of privacy would have to be limited in extent, such that it may not go beyond the limits necessary to achieve the otherwise legitimate aims that have been justified by the preceding two considerations.In other words, it must adhere to the principle of the least intrusive alternative. By contrast, intrusions into privacy that focus in the welfare of the individual patient could not be justified in such a fashion. The reason is to be found in the Principle of Non-Malfeasance itself. The core of the Principle of Non-Malfeasance is not simply that harm should be minimized, but harm should be minimized where the nature of that harm is determined not by the agent but by the intend recipient of the action.

Politics, Presidents and War Essay

state of struggle is inevitably an exercise in politics. In the best consequence the policy-making movement provides checks and balances that can contain or even restrain contend. In separate cases the political process itself is the primary driving event towards war. These two realities are not mutu accomplice exclusive. The Persian disconnectedness War of 1991 provided evidence of both political realities. Politics influenced the nature and the course of the war, and wrong versa. In the context of what has happened since 1991 the Persian disconnectedness War, also known as Desert screen out and Desert beset, is a fading memory. The political importance of this war cannot be underestimated, however.The socio-political impact of this war would come to actualisation within a decade. This impact is part of a continual process of reflexivity between war and politics, particularly in the United States. For intermit or worse, the presidency itself was altered by this war and the associated political processes. Storm Clouds The Persian disjunction War of 1991 had immediate causes. When ibn Talal Hussein Husseins Iraki phalanx invaded oil-rich capital of Kuwait a crisis was created. The United States and a optical fusion of somely Western nations were compelled to respond. Kuwait was a strategically important ally in the Middle East.If the attack was allowed to stand, ibn Talal Hussein Hussein would be in position to launch an attack against Saudi Arabia, another important ally. aft(prenominal) working several months for a resolution within the United Nations, the coalescency prepared to launch an attack. The agreed upon mission was limited to ousting Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Going any(prenominal) further would require much more discussion. For Iraq, the invasion of Kuwait came on the heels of a failed war with Iran in which millions were killed. War debt was run out(p) Iraqs coffers. There was also a political angle for Iraq. Saddam sense d that he could not appear to be weak in any way.Using revisionist report, Saddam claimed that the Iran war had somehow been a success. That mental object was driven home as Saddam erected even more palaces and monuments commit to himself. The invasion of Kuwait was a calculated political gamble. The United States and other nations had backed him in the war with Iran. He believed, at worst, that those nations would be unsure to his cutover of tiny Kuwait. Meanwhile he peppered the Iraqi media with trumped up charges against Kuwait. regular if he was eventually forced out, Saddam believed that he could plunder the wealth of Kuwait before retreating.With a demoralized army after the Iran war, Saddam also felt he had to keep his army occupied so they could not conspire against him. He tried to put them in a easily winnable situation in an causal agent to solidify his own power. learned how Saddam operated, the United States made certain not to underestimate him. Senator Willia m V. Roth, jr. (R. -Del. ) Said that He is as unpredictable as a empty storm and as deceptive as a mirage (Mitchell, 1991). When Saddam failed to survey with repeated United Nations resolutions, the coalition mobilized itself for war.As in any war, the crisis that caused the quit of the war was simply the culmination of many prior socio-political movements and actions. With that in idea the American system started a concerted political effort to form internal support for the war. The threat was maximized for common consumption. President Bush declared that what is at stake is a New being Order (Abdulla, 1994). Having successfully swayed populace perspicacity, the administration now had to successfully fight the war in both force and political scathe. Politics and Policy In uppercase politics the terms Vietnam War and quagmire are toxic.Any association with them can mean the quick death of a policy or army initiative. In the lead-up to the war politicians capitalize d upon the Vietnam syndrome from a number of angles. Opponents of any array intervention used the phrase potential quagmire numerous times in their arguments. Once it was apparent that a war was going to take place, even supporters used this term in an attempt to shape the instance of war it would be. In other words the political situation require that the coalition go in with overwhelming force, entirely minimize civil casualties at the same time.The administration knew it could not allow an extended guerrilla conflict to emerge. The powerful triangle of war, television and politics had defeated the Johnson administration during Vietnam. This time, the administration was prepared to take extreme measures to prevent such a situation from happening again. Meanwhile, coalition leaders toed a cute political line in maintaining world support for the action. Since before the war had even begun the issue of oil had prompted loud voices of disapproval about the impend war. Opponen ts claimed that the U. S.led coalition was not so concerned with Saddams violation of International Law or with the freedom of a erst sovereign nation. Instead, they claimed that the primary reason for the upcoming attack was to secure discharge for the oil-thirsty Western nations. Oil was a vital strategic concern. Access to shabby oil was a pillar underneath the American economy. Two of the most reliable pre-war suppliers were Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. In defending these nations, the U. S. hoped not notwithstanding to secure its oil supply but also force a split between the nations in the OPEC oil cartel.In the political arena, though, this by itself was not a thatifiable reason to fight a war. This mentation was particularly true among the European nations in the coalition. Holding this coalition unneurotic was critical to the overall effort. From the office of the administration, the war could not be seen as trading lives for oil. That would reinforce world perceptions of the United States as a greedy empire. Eventually the eroding effect of worldly concern opinion would bring forth weakened the tenuous coalition. In fact, this had been part of Saddams political strategy from the outset.Saddam Hussein apparently counted on American public cheerure to prevent a committment of troops to defend either Kuwait or Saudi Arabia (Carlisle, 2003). Vietnam might be thought of as a constrained war, not in terms of casualties but in terms of the lengths the U. S. was willing to go to ensure victory. The Gulf War, in contrast, was a on the alert war. Every attempt was made to minimize both coalition casualties and the public reporting on those casualties. The military also went out of its way to construe the image that Iraqi civilians were not targets.Reports began to surface about large poem of Iraqi casualties, but they were largely squelched by the constant entry of surgical strikes on the enemy. For his part Saddam tried to play up images of apparentl y innocent Iraqi casualties. American officials admit, in hindsight, that Saddam contend the political game well. after all Saddam is a politician not a soldier (Dunnigan, 1992). The Outcomes Militarily, the Gulf War at starting signal appeared to be as close to flawless as is possible. The Iraqi military was swept out of Kuwait in a matter of weeks.The military had taken reporters into their ranks while still tightly controlling the flow of information. Images of evil accurate smart bomb deployments and successful interception of Iraqi SCUDs by American Patriot missiles permeated the nightly news. President Bushs approval ratings skyrocketed to unprecedented levels. Politically the effort was less successful. According to U. S. word & World Report But inasmuch as victory suggests the peremptory defeat of an opponent, there was none. This triumph without victory was perhaps the most big irony of the entire conflict (1993).The U. S. had hoped that Saddam would be overthrown in the process, but was unable to make the case that it should be done by the coalition. When separate of the country revolted against Saddam, the lack of coalition help allowed Saddam to crush them brutally. At the time, the outcome seemed acceptable. According to R. W. Apple, Jr. they appear to have done just enough to make it unlikely that a second Persian Gulf war will erupt any time soon (1991). In hindsight it is apparent that this set the stage for another Gulf War. Ten long time later, the U. S.and a smaller coalition of nations launched an attack with the expressed purpose of overthrowing Saddam. The Presidency The Gulf War of 1991 was a watershed moment in the history of the Presidency of the United States. The War Powers Act theoretically reserved the rightfulness to make war to the U. S. Congress. An increasingly long line of Presidents have resisted this notion, finding loopholes in order to defend American interests. The Gulf War was uncomparable in that the Presid ent undertook a sustained effort to marshal internationalisticist support before even gaining domestic support.Critics charge that Bush was toilsome to circumvent Congress by seeking United Nations approval (U. S. discussion & World Report, 1993). There was dissent in the Congress to the asseverate of political power by the President. Many felt that the issue was not thoroughly debated. George Mitchell (D. -ME) wrote that In effect the President, overnight, with no consultation and no public debate, changed American policy from being part of a collective effort to enforce diplomatic sanctions into a predominantly American effort, relying upon the use of American military force. (Mitchell, 1991)Nevertheless, this would gravel the template for future Presidents wishing to undertake military action. A formal declaration of war, as they saw it, was unnecessary. As the Commander-in drumhead the President is charged with defending American interests. A further maintain of Presi dential power was the perceived shackling of the press (U. S. intelligence activity & World Report, 1993). For the first time, a full-scale effort to control the modern, multimedia press was undertaken. The in the National interest argument was used to full effect. From this perspective the administration could paint uncooperative media as unpatriotic or untrustworthy. destruction In Vietnam, television had shown Americans the realities of modern warfare. Political ramifications soon followed. In the Gulf War of 1991, the conflict was, in fact, planned from a political and media perspective. The war pronounced an increase in the assertion of Presidential power. It also marked an increase in the ability of that branch to use the media, public opinion and internationalism to increase that power. It was a political evolution that has now become commonplace. Was the Persian Gulf War of 1991 a success? Militarily, it was. The military carried out its proscribed mission with remarkabl e efficiency and media savvy.In terms of international politics, it merely preserved the status quo while not resolving any underlying problems. In terms of domestic politics it allowed for an increase in Presidential power while setting the template for future military conflicts in successive administrations. The template worked efficiently for a while, but by the end of the second Bushs administration the political pendulum was baseball swing back toward Congress and more hesitancy in carrying out big military actions. Works Cited Abdulla, Abdulkhaleq. Gulf War the socio-political background. Arab Studies Quarterly. 16. 3 (1994). Apple, R. W. Jr. After the War Politics Another Gulf War? The New York Times. 10 Mar. 1991 B01. Carlisle, Rodney P. Persian Gulf War. New York Facts on File, 2003. Dunnigan, James E. & Bay, Austin. From Shield to Storm. New York Morrow & Co. , 1992. Mitchell, George. Confrontation in the Gulf War and quiescence A sampling from the debate on Capi tol Hill. The New York Times. 11 Jan. 1991 A03. U. S. News and World Report. Triumph Without Victory the unreported history of the Persian Gulf War. New York Random House, 1993.

Perceptions of African American Women Essay

I am taking some classes that will eventually qualify me to major(ip) in Astro Physics, or chemical engineering, I also want to formulate with NASA and train as an piazzaman. It was amazing to know that Dr. Mae C. Jemison who happens to be the youngest of three children natural to a middle class African American family, Charlie Jemison, a aliment worker and his wife, Dorothy, a teacher. Dr. Mae C.Jemison was the first subdued woman astronaut to be in space in an era filled with segregation and racism, she is a Chemical engineer, scientist, physician, teacher and astronaut, she has a wide range of experience in technology, engineering, and aesculapian research. In addition to her extensive background in science, she is well-versed in African and black Studies, speaks fluent Russian, Japanese, and Swahili, as well as incline and is trained in dance and choreography. Dr. Mae C.Jamison was an inspiration to me, and probably to many African American women. She was full of resil ience and determination especially to have weeed and achieved winner in an unusual field of endeavor for many African American women, I applaud her determination to make a difference among the African American women and starks in Diaspora. After graduating from Morgan Park High School in 1973 at the age of 16, Dr. Mae Jemison earned a BS in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University, while also fulfilling the requirements for a BA in African-American Studies.After earning these degrees in 1977, she attended Cornell University and received a Doctor of care for degree in 1981. During medical school she traveled to Cuba, Kenya and Thailand, providing primary medical care to people living there. This is an indication of her humanitarian efforts and eagerness to reach out to the less privileged population. Having a desire to do to a greater extent with her life, she enrolled in graduate classes in engineering and applied to NASA for admission to the astronaut curriculum.She was tu rned down on her first application, maybe because she is a black woman, but she persevered and in 1987 was accepted on her second application. She became one of the xv candidates accepted from over 2,000 applicants. When Dr. Mae Jemison successfully completed her astronaut training program in August 1988, she became the fifth black astronaut and the first black female astronaut in NASA history. In completing her first space flight, Dr. Mae Jemison logged 190 hours, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space, making her the first African-American woman in space.She says, I had to learn very early not to limit myself due to others limited imaginations. I have learned these age never to limit anyone else due to my limited imagination. This is an inspiration to other blacks in commonplace who normally assume a second class citizen and take that they will never do well or will be appreciated in whatever they do. This is a wake-up call, and manifestation of the saying intention is the mother of invention. In 1993, Dr. Mae Jemison resigned from NASA and founded the Jemison Group, Inc.to research, develop and implement advanced technologies conform to to the social, political, cultural and economic context of the individual, especially for the developing world. Current projects imply Alpha, (TM) a satellite based telecommunication system to improve wellness care in westerly Africa and The Earth We Share, (TM) an international science campsite for students ages 12 to 16, that utilizes an experiential curriculum. Among her current projects are several that focus on improving healthcare in Africa. She is also a professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth College.Dr. Mae Jamison made a name for herself and name for blacks in general Her entrepreneurial spirit put her in the limelight and acts as a boost to determined black men and women in Diaspora. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf. It was quite affect to read round Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, I know almost nothing about this giant and business leader of modern Africa who is presently the current chairperson of Liberia. accord to what I have read so far about this big businessman of Africa she was born In Monrovia, the capital of Liberia on October 29, 1938.During this period, Liberians had no clue that the offset female president of an African republic had been born into their mist. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is a girlfriend to descendents of original colonists of Liberia (ex-African slaves from America, who promptly on arrival set about enslaving the native people using the social system of their old American know as a basis for their new society). These descendents are known in Liberia as Americo-Liberians.From what I read, I noticed that Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf was truly an intellectual authority house, a charismatic leader and destined to make a interchange in Liberia and contribute her quota in Africa. From 1948 to 1955 Ellen Johnson studied accounts and economic science at the College of West Afri ca in Monrovia. After marriage at the age of 17 to mob Sirleaf, she travelled to America (in 1961) and continued her studies, achieving a degree from the University of Colorado. From 1969 to 1971 she read economics at Harvard, gaining a masters degree in world administration.Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf hence returned to Liberia and began working in William Tolberts (True Whig Party) government. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf also served as Minister of finance from 1972 to 73, but left after a disagreement over public spending, this is an indication of her prudence and will power. As the 70s progressed, life under Liberias one-party state became more polarized to the benefit of the Americo-Liberian elite. On 12 April 1980 police captain Sergeant Samuel Kayon Doe, a member of the indigenous Krahn ethnic group, seized power in a military coup.With the Peoples Redemption Council now in power, Samuel Doe began a purge of government. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf narrowly escaped choosing exile in Kenya. F rom 1983 to 1985 she served as Director of Citibank in Nairobi. I will say that Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf had a lot of courage, because it was quite unusual for a woman to challenge a dictatorial incumbent president in Africa without being kidnapped, tortured or killed in the process, although She was later sentenced to ten years in prison.Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf spent estimable a short time incarcerated, before being allowed to leave the region once again as an exile. During the 1980s she served as Vice electric chair of both the African Regional Office of Citibank, in Nairobi, and of (HSCB) Equator Bank, in Washington. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf play an active role in the transitional government as the country prepared for the 2005 elections, and eventually stood for president against her rival the ex-international footballer, George Manneh Weah.Despite the elections being called fairly and orderly, Weah repudiated the result, which gave a majority to Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson-Sirle af eventually became Liberias first elected female president, as well as the first elected female president in the continent Africa. . In 2005 She established a Truth and propitiation Commission with a mandate to promote national peace, security, unity and propitiation by investigating more than 20 years of civil run afoul in the country and in November 2007, she received the United States Presidential palm tree of Freedom, the U.S. governments highest civilian award. She is truly a giant and queen of modern Africa. References 1. http//space. about. com/cs/formerastronauts/a/jemisonbio. htm 2. http//www. k-grayengineeringeducation. com/blog/index. php/2008/09/12/first-african-american-women-in-space. 3. http//www. joinafrica. com/africa_of_the_week/ellenjohnsonliberia. htm.

The Challenge Facing Managed Care Organizations

The greatest challenge for managed bid brass sections (MCOs) in our stream time is how to obtain lower priced medical fees. As we all know, American wellness dole out should essentially be a nonprofit enterprise. However, the privatization of American health take holds that health c ar in general and hospitals in particular are increasingly operating on a for-profit basis. In fact, the for-profit hospital sector has accounted for a relatively constant share (about 15 percentage) of hospital beds over the last twenty years (Morrisson, 1999).This is why latterly the U.S. Congress tries to push much consumer-directed health plan options to avoid cash-strapped managed care cheeks (MCOs) to boost their deductibles, raise premiums and even defy federal law by authorizing policy holders to buy prescription drugs from cheap vendors in Canada (Smith, 23 kinsfolk 2004).Managed care organizations (MCOs) often apply the traditional fee-for-service models, which do not bring home the bacon adequate financial controls and utilization incentives for physicians and hospitals to contain the costs of providing healthcare. Under managed care, the needfully of the forbearings are balanced with efforts to provide cost-effective care. Typically, MCOs enroll subscribers by hopeful to provide all necessary medical care in veer for a fixed monthly premium.The MCO also contracts with hospitals, physicians, and early(a)(a) healthcare providers to dispense the necessary medical care to its enrollees at a discounted reimbursement rate. In turn for accepting cut back fees, the caregivers gain access to the MCOs enrolees (Kirby, Sebastian & adenylic acid Hornberger, 1998).A problem with managed care is that employers who commotion a health maintenance organization (health maintenance organization) to their employees often pay the premium as long as the health maintenance organization premium was not higher than the fee-for-service premium. This behavior by employers c reates distorted incentives for the HMO in controlling its costs. Enthoven (1993) suggested that this incentive distortion can be reverse when employers design better choices for their employer contri only ifions.The employer could contribute a fixed-dollar amount for health amends with the employee paying the full difference amidst plans. The greater the portion of the bare(a) premium salaried by the employees is, the stronger the incentive is to choose lower-cost plans. For example, if the employer pays 80 percent of the premium and the employee pays the remainder, then the employee pays only 20 percent of the difference between the low (lets presume here) HMO premium and the higher fee-for-service premium.HMOs and other managed care arrangements are organized on a prepayment basis that face in a wide variety of forms. An HMO could hire physicians on a salary, contract with a preexisting assembly practice of physicians, or contract with physicians who maintain a fee-for-ser vice practice. According to Luft (1991), Beca part specific social, legal, historical, political, and economic aspects of the medical care environment have shaped delivery systems such as the HMO, it is not reasonable to expect that the typical HMO could be transplanted constitutional to another country (p. 173).The key to HMO cost savings is the organizations wide range of medical services, both inpatient and outpatient. In this way, the HMO can receive the cost savings implied by reduced hospital use. This may be difficult to manage in systems where in that respect are separate financing mechanisms for old care physicians and inpatient care. As Luft (1991, p. 180) remarks. If there were no way to shift funds from the hospital side of meat to the physician side, it would be difficult to reward clinical decision makers for the festering of to a greater extent cost-effective practice styles.This is why three areas appear to offer a magnitude of opportunities where MCOs can assis t patients, these are ambulatory care, mental health and the alternative therapies. Firstly, ambulatory care-sensitive conditions reflect the quality and availability of immemorial care services, since they are readily treatable without the need for hospitalization. There are differences in the hospitalization rate for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Shenkman et al. (2005) had indicated that specialization ambulatory care is definitive for many children with chronic conditions.However, access to such care may be constrained within managed care environments. The use of primary care providers (PCPs) as gatekeepers for managed care organizations (MCOs) is angiotensin-converting enzyme commonly used outline to control specialty care use. Studies of the impact of gatekeeping on childrens receipt of specialty care have resulted in mixed findings. Some studies found more specialty care use in gatekeeping MCOs, compared with non-gatekeeping MCOs.Other researchers found that the replenishment of a gatekeeping system with an open-access model increased specialty visits among a group of children with chronic conditions. Although the focus on gatekeeping in general yields some important information, MCOs use many other strategies concomitantly with their PCP gatekeepers, such as capitated payments, financial incentives, and prior authorization procedures. The use of these concomitant strategies may meet the unequaled needs of children with chronic conditions, including their need for specialty physician care.On the other hand, managed care had been significant contributor on delivery systems for mental health services. Taylor et al. (2001) had indicated that direct and indirect persuasion to provide more cost-effective handlings has been one consequence. The cost-saving qualities and the effectiveness of group interventions have produced clear expectations for an increased use of therapy groups. In the research of Taylor et al. (2001), they compared percept ions and uses of group treatments on a national sample of managed care organizations and mental health providers.Implications of differences and similarities between directors of managed care organizations and treatment providers are examined and discussed crosswise five response categories (familiarity/training perceived effectiveness, likelihood of reimbursement/referral, daily use and expectation for future use). Taylor et al (2001) favored the approach where MCOs calibrate treatment referral/reimbursement decisions. Recently published comparison outcome studies and meta-analyses can and should empirically take to the woods the present treatment delivering systems.Lastly, many managed care organizations have already begun to blend complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) with conventional medical providers. Medical practitioners are obligated to assess CAM therapy with patients. Alternative therapies require master copys to rethink staff competency, patient assess ment, and patient-focused care. Medical leaders must understand CAM trends and therapies to better integrate these concepts into health care policy, standards of care, and ethical decisions (Parkman, 2001).Among ambulatory care and mental health care, alternative therapies, or CAM, offers the most favorable and cost-efficient strategy for MCOs. This is because the aging fluff boom generation is beginning to experience chronic but non-life morose conditions, such as joint pain, headaches and menopause-related complaints and they are willing to explore options other than prescription drugs. For health plans, the attraction of offering alternative care products lies in retaining and attracting new members, diversifying their services from competitors in a congested managed care mart and in attempts to address current or proposed state mandates (West, 1997).In 1997 alone, expenses for victor services were $21.2 billion, a 45% increase over the earlier 1990 data. Expenses for profess ional services, herbals, vitamins, diet products, books, and classes totaled $27 billion. Five surveys conducted since 1990 have reported snitch use of CAM, ranging from 30% to 73% by patients suffering from conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, HIV and AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and chronic musculoskeletal pain.Furthermore, the demand for CAM by the general public is increasing, despite the fact that its use is largely paid by consumers without coverage by third-party payers. In 1997, Americans spent an estimated $13 billion for visits to CAM providers and an additional $2 billion for commercial diet supplements and over-the-counter megavitamins (Pelletier & Astin, 2002).Managed care should not only focus on cost savings, but they should also look into diversifying their services. MCOs have generally contributed to the decline in the U.S. health cost growth rate. Their potential will continue to be express mail to the extent that employers fail to offer true financial advantages to consumers who choose the low-cost health plans. Thus, more reforms in the policies should be reviewed and revised so that more people could benefit from the quality health care everyone deserves.ReferencesEnthoven, A.C. (1993). The History and Principles of Managed Competition. health Affairs, supplement, 24-48.Kirby, E.G., Sebastian, J.G. and Hornberger, K.D. (1998, Jan/Feb). The Effect of Normative Social forces on Managed caution Organizations Implications for Strategic attention/Practitioner Response. Journal of wellnesscare Management. 43(1)81-106.Luft, H. (1991). Translating the U.S. HMO Experience to Other Health System. Health Affairs 10172-186.Morrison, I. (1999). Health Care in the spic-and-span Millennium. NY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Parkman, C. (2001, February). Alternative Therapies Are Here to Stay. Nursing Management, 32(2) 36-40.Pelletier, K.R. and Astin, J.A. (2002, Jan/Feb). desegregation and Reimbursement of Complementary and Alt ernative Medicine by Managed Care and restitution Providers 2000 modify and Cohort Analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8(1) 38-44.Shenkman, E., Tian, L. and Schatz, D. (2005, June). Managed Care Organization Characteristics and Outpatient rarity Care Use Among Children With Chronic Illness. Pediatrics, 115(6) 1547-1555.Smith, C. (2004, Spetember 23). Senate Panel Examines Health Care Choices, Insurance Costs. Knight Ridder Tribune.Taylor, N.T., Burlingame, G.M., Kristensen, K.B., Fuhriman, A. et al. (2001, April). A Survey of Mental Health Care Providers and Managed Care Organization Attitudes Toward, Familiarity With, and Use of Group Interventions. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 51(2) 243-264.West, D. (1997, November 10). MCOs incorporate Alternative Care. National Underwriter, 101(45) 58. 

Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark Essay

Much of the dramatic irony and dramatic latent hostility in Shakespe atomic number 18s hamlet, The Prince of Denmark derives from the inter round between the characters popular and snobby personas. The face that each(prenominal) of the characters shows to the public contrasts with, in most cases, the private persona of the same character. Similarly, the private face or motives of the characters usu totallyy stands in diametric opposition to their public persona. The most unambiguous examples of this dynamic is, are course, the characters of Claudius and Gertrude who must, by necessity, keep up a fraudulent set of public perceptions to cover their crimes of infidelity and murder.These obvious examples, however, are no more profound or integral to the matchs thematic impact than the likewise hypocrisies which afflict nearly either other character of the play. The almost universal nature of fond mendacity is de ductate in Hamlet as being,in fact, the source of what is rotten in Denmark. The wizardry of the play exists, in part, in Shakespeares ability to demonstrate the personal gentlemans gentlemanner in which prevarication and being two-faced can impact all levels of society and corrupt even friendship and love.In many ways, the cheat on of characters in Hamlet reflect a social microcosm, with Hamlet, the young Prince, and Ophelia, representing the young of society and the ghost of Hamlets father, Gertrude, Claudius, and Polonius representing the social establishment and heathenish traditions which have fostered ongoing mendacity. From the very opening scene of the play, Shakespeare, with a hang for amazing perspicaciousty, writes the following exchange between Bernardo and Horatio BERNARDO Say, What, is Horatio there?HORATIO A theme of him. (Hamlet, 1. 1 25-28) Horatios reply indicates, according to critics of the play, that he is referring to the cold wickedness air which has reduced him to a shivering semblance of his former self. However, the line can also be read as a subtle extension of the theme of mendacity adn meant to indicate that even Horatio, who will be revealed end-to-end the course of the play as a true friend to Hamlet, has been wedged by the rottenness in Denmark, the social hypocrisy which holds all in its sway.Similarly, Polonius, who represents the religious and spiritual aspects of society in the social microcosm of the play, dispenses words of firmness to Laertes, acting the part of the wise and compassionate patriarch, a man of morality and God. Among his words of wisdom in Act One, Scene Three are the following observations Beware/ Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,/ possesst that the opposed whitethorn beware of thee. / bear every man thy ear, but few thy voice/ Take each mans censure, but reserve thy judgment (Hamlet 1. 3, 69-73).Obviously, Polonius fails to live by his own words. He openly intrigues against Hamlet, immersing himself into a quarrel which was not his own, and after doi ng so, fails to Beart that the opposed may beware of thee (Hamlet 1. 3, 71), but ends up being killed by Hamlet on accident. Key to all of the ironies which are associated with Shakespeares them of social mendacity is the character of Hamlet himself. If the contributor or audience member who is experiencing Hamlet believes in the heart that Hamlet is, indeed, sick, then much of Hamlets behavior can be explained by madness.If, on the other hand, the indorser or audience member believes that Hamlet is simply presenting yet some other social face this one in order to disrupt the hypocrisy of society then Hamlets behavior becomes a method acting by which Shakespeare examines the heavy toll which is exacted on the individual in a hypocritical society. There is every soil to believe that the latter consideration is the one which Shakespeare hope to achieve in the play. One good twist of evidence for this supposition is in Act 2, Scene One, when Ophelia, stricken by the state whic h Hamlet has fall by the waysideed himself to get into, she voices her concerns to her father, Polonius.Ophelia describes Hamlet with his doublet all unbraced (Shakespeare, 2. 1, 85) and No hat upon his head (Shakespeare 2. 1, 86). His appearance is taken to be an indication of his inner-state, propellent the sense of social facade as serving in do of truth in society. Ophelia concludes that Hamlet appeared as though he had been loosed extinct of hell/ To speak of horrors,he comes before me (Shakespeare 2. 1, 90-91). The implication is that Hamlets disheveled state must indicate that he is, in fact, mad.Obviously, eyepatch Hamlet appears mad to others, he is plotting with great, rational precision to expose what he fears is the crime committed by his mother and his uncle. The sub-text of this is that Hamlet should be mad given the reality of the dilemma he faces. The great irony is, in fact, that he is not mad, but sane which will not allow him to live in a world of lies and hy pocrisy. When Claudius and Gertrude react with horror to the play within a play Hamlets response is What, frighted with ridiculous fire (Shakespeare 3. 2, 262) indicating his very rational understanding of the situation and of the reality of social mendacity.At this point, it seems that merely knowing of the hypocrisy is enough for Hamlet because when Claudius responds Give me some light away (Shakespeare 3. 2, 265) it is an admission that he, the King, and by association the unit of measurement of Denmark exists in darkness which is the darkness of social hypocrisy. Although hypocrisy is never genuinely justified in Hamlet, there is an interesting reason which is given in Act 4 of the play as to wherefore people may be so easily led into hypocrisy and self-deception and that reason is compassionate mortality. When Hamlet observes of the dead that Theres another why may not that be the skull of a / lawyer?Where be his quiddities now, his quillets,/ his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? (Shakespeare, 4. 1, 94-98) the reader or audience member realizes that the humankind hypocrisy portrayed throughout the play represents not only the lies and deceit necessary to facilitate human ambition in a corrupted society, but the human magnetic dip to reject cosmic issues such as life and death and human spirituality in favor of materialism and worldly power. work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Works of William Shakespeare Gathered into One Volume. New York Oxford University Press, 1938.

Chromatography

Student work Amal Al-HamdaniTeacher name Alia AlfiGroup name 2Year 2018Chromatographyisa physical regularity utilise in labforseparation ofa mixing of chemical substance substances into its undivided components, so that the individual components give the bounce be thoroughly raisevassd.it has legion(predicate) applications inbiologicalandchemicalfields.itis widely used inbiochemicalresearch for the separation and identification ofchemical compoundsof biological origin.Chromatographyconsists of two buildamobile form(a liquid or a gas), whichf number ones throughthe nonmovingphase, and astationaryphase(a solid) .the stationary phase has certain physical and chemical characteristic that allow it to interact in various ways with different compound .A common types ofstationaryphaseare ion exchange chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, liquid Chromatographyetc.Gas ChromatographyGas Chromatography(GC)or,gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)is a usefultooltechniqu ethat, allows us to sepa dictate and identify individual components in the mixture.also, Gas Chromatographycan mea for sure the concentrationof various components in the mixture for consumes that have volatilecomponentsand,sepa post mixtureby adhesion to a bug out.Method 3590925369570000 A gas chromatograph uses a flow-through narrow thermionic valve known as the column, through which different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas stream (carrier gas, mobile phase) at different rates dep give noticeing on their various chemical and physical properties and their fundamental interaction with a specific column filling, called the stationary phase. As the chemicals back up the end of the column, they are detected and identified electronically.The function of the stationary phase in the column is to separate different components, causing each one to exit the column at a different time ( guardianship time). Other parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of r etention are the carrier gas flow rate, For example, internal standards it is commonly used way inGas Chromatography to calculatetheconcentration of an analyte. for whatsoever special(a) detector, the copulation response factor for theanalyte comparedto theinternal standards must be unconquerable first. calibrating the linearity of the response factor for theanalyte comparedto theinternal standards requires making a serial publication of the solutions with the same concentration of the standards, and a varying concentration of analyte.Plotting the response of the analyze relative to the standard (peak area of analyte/peak area of standards) versus the concentration of the analyte relative to the standard (analyte/ standard) should produce a straight -line graph whose slope in the response factor.C+O2? CO2 +heatThis is a agile reply and there a lot of physical method to dull down and stop fast receptions for example crimsonucing the temperature at which a reaction occurs i.e . cool things down.adding a reagent which will react with the remaining reactantUsing reagents that have a small surface area i.e. the substance is in large lumps.Using a catalyst the redress catalyst can slow down the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.The rate of reaction for a concentrated starchy acid with a concentrated strong base is most alter by what three things the use of a catalyst, a change in temperature, a change in reactant concentration.We are going to use temperature temperature unremarkably speed the reaction and it also slow it down by sound the it because the rate and the temperature has a Positive relationship so if temperature is high the reaction speed increase and if the temperature is low the reaction speed decrease and that is correspond tovant Hoffs truth,an increase in temperature will cause an increase in the rate of an endothermic reaction.The outlet of the temperature can be explained by the fact that change magnitude temperature will m ove the particles at higher speeds and the impact of the collisions leading to the interaction is large, which increases the speed of the reactionand also, at higher temperatures, higher percentages of collisions produce a chemical reaction because higher percentages of molecules have greater velocity, and enough energy is obtainable to react.Explanatory examples tell the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reaction rateIncreased temperature helps to speed the maturity of food.Increasing the pressure in the pressure vessels leads to an increase in temperature inside the so the food is cooked very quickly.Keeping food in the icebox help not to spoil it because the temperature of the refrigerator is low, and this leads to a decrease in the speed of geochemical reactions that cause food corruption.The temperature change in the chemical equilibrate reaction, leading to the interaction in the opposite focal point, which cancels the effect of this change interlingual renditi on In the case of heat-reactive reactionsI- rubyuce the temperatureThe interaction is facilitated in the direction that reduces the effect of big(p) the temperature (which reduces the effect of this effect), ie, the reaction in the direction that causes the increase in temperature is the stochastic directionII-when face lift the temperature.The interaction in the direction that reduces the effect of raising the temperature (which reduces the effect of this effect) is facilitated by the interaction in the direction that causes the temperature reduction and is the reverse direction So, in the reaction I did chose it is a exothermic so when we raising the temperature it will slow down the reaction because it is exothermic and when it dose slow down the molecules in the reaction will be slower in moving and the collisions and if it was endo thermic the opposite will happen. And we cannot calculate the rate law because it is experimentally calculated so we can only write the rate low for the reaction C+O2? CO2 +heat Rate lowReferencesPage 1 Gas Chromatography. Linde AG. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012. Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harris, Daniel C. (1999).24. Gas Chromatography. vicenary chemical analysis (Chapter) (Fifth ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. pp.675712. ISBN0-7167-2881-8.Page 2ChromatographySearch the web. Some evoke sites are listed below. zero(prenominal)e that some of these sites go into untold more learning than is reasonable for this course. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chromatography http//ull. chemistry. uakron. edu/analytical/Chromatography/ http//orgchem. wileado. edu/hndbksupport/TLC/TLC. html this is for TLC similar to story http//users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma. ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromatography_ newspaper publisher. html http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCESoft/Programs/CPL/Sample/modules/paprchrom/paprchromdesc. htm http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCESoft/Programs/CPL/Sample/modu les/paprchrom/paprchromdesc. tm This site shows the color of many of the food colorings and lakes http//www. dynemic. com/food%20colour. htm This site has colors and correct names for many of the colors. You can get the structures from the names with CRC or a exhaustively organic chemist. http//vm. cfsan. fda. gov/lrd/colorfac. html this is a general site with information on food colorings discusses difference between dyes and lakes Procedure Extract the color from the candies 1. adjudicate each of the beakers with one color of the candy. 2. step forward one sample in each cup. 3. Put as few drops of water as viable (around 5) in each cup. 4.Stir carefully to extract as much color as possible without disturbing the sinlessness coating or the centre of the candy. 5. Remove the sample as soon as the white coating appears. 6. Add each sample in turn to its leave cup until as much color has been extracted as possible. Note fictionalise the steps for each kind of candy. Be sur e to include the color and kind of candy on your label. Prepare chromatogram 1. Cut a order of chromatography paper in half to form a rectangle with dimensions 10 cm x 20 cm. 2. Draw a line approximately 1 cm from the long edge of the paper with a pencil. 3. Mark dots along the pencil line approximately 1-1. cm apart and label as food dye colors yellow, green, blue, and red. Mark two additional dots for your filling of two different colored candies. 4. Using a toothpick, carefully steamed the spots you have marked with the appropriate food color or the color extracted from your candy. As the spots dry, rewet them with more sample until you have a dark spot. (If you do not load enough sample onto the chromatographical paper it will be difficult to detect the spots. ) 5. Curl the paper into a cylinder with the short edges just touching and staple together. 6. Place the chromatogram into a beaker with approximately ? m of response on the bottom. Be sure that the entire lower edge of the chromatogram is touching the outcome, but the solvent does not reach above the pencil line. Allow the chromatogram to sit in the beaker until the solvent front is 1 cm from the top of the paper and remove. Draw a line at the solvent front with your pencil. 7. Repeat this process for any additional solvents you wish to use. Analysis of chromatogram. 1. Circle each spot that you soak up on the chromatogram. 2. measure the distance between the head start point and the essence of the spot for each component on your chromatogram 3. easure the distance between the starting point and the solvent front on your chromatogram 4. Calculate the Rf economic value for each component. 5. Draw conclusions regarding the identity of each component in the chromatogram. 6. give notice reasons why different components had higher or lower Rf determine based on the structures below and your knowledge of intermolecular forces. Colors ProductRed yellowed reverse lightningBlue top Colony KitBlue 1 Red 3 Red 40 icteric 5 scandalmongering 6Blue 1 Yellow 5Blue 1 Crown Colony SinglesRed 40Yellow 5 Red 40Blue 1&8212 DurkeeBlue 1 Red 3 Red 40Yellow 5Blue 1 Yellow 5Blue 1 McCormickRed 3 Red 40Yellow 5Yellow 40Blue1 Yellow 5Blue 1 Red 40 FDA Certifiable colors (name/common name) NameCommon nameComment FD&038C Blue No. 1Brilliant Blue FCF FD&038C Green No. 3Fast Green FCF FD&038C Red No. 3Erythrosine FD&038C Red No. 40Allura Red AC . It usually comes as a sodium salt, but can be also in the form of calcium and potassium salt. It is oil-soluble in water. FD&038C Yellow No. 5Tartrazine FD&038C Yellow No. 6Sunset Yellow FCF Questions 1. Does the type of solvent used for paper chromatography affect the Rf values of the food dyes? 2. Which dye molecules were in your candy coating? 3. If the solvent front moved 112 mm and a component of a mixture moved 48 mm