Persuasive Advertisements Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive Advertisements - Article Example People used to follow them in order to lead their lives. By making use of the glamour and beauty of a film heroine, the make-up company has persuaded people towards making use of make-up and to appear just like the heroine. There is a sort of promise to the consumers about the efficacy of the pancake make up. It is informed that the pancake makeup was originally made for the Hollywood stars and actors and now is used by many girls and women. There is a sort of temptation towards becoming beautiful by means of the pancake makeup that keeps the capability of concealing the faults of the face and making it beautiful. The place that is depicted in the advertisement is the film scene, where the actress is sitting with the referred makeup. Another feature that is persuasive is to tell that ladies are going to look young with the use of makeup. To look young is another aspect that is considered very important by women. Therefore, this advertisement is very persuasive and keeps the capacity of attracting customers towards buying the pancake make up made by Max Factor Hollywood. The second advertisement that I have taken is about a cable car room that appears very comfortable. The cable car is named as California Zephyr. This advertisement belongs to the era of 1960’s in which, people were very fond of journeying. The people who are interested in traveling are diverted towards beautiful sites that they will be able to view while being in the cable car. The passengers that are shown in the car are shown as sitting comfortably without any problem and the waiter who is serving the passengers appears happy that depicts towards the hospitable attitude of the cable car staff. The designing and decoration of the cable car areas such that people who are traveling in it appear to be in San Francisco before time, that is another claim done by the cable car company.

Cigarettes and their effect of one’s lowered BMI over non-smokers Essay Example for Free

Cigarettes and their effect of one’s lowered BMI over non-smokers Essay Cigarette smoking has established effects on body weight. The effect of weight concerns on smoking initiation, as well as smoking cessation will be examined in the following review. The following review further examines how age, time spent smoking and concern with an individual’s outward appearance, can also lead to a continuation of smoking. The following review also demonstrates that when one ceases to smoke cigarettes, there is a high likely hood that their BMI will raise as well as a demonstration that cigarettes increase the basal metabolic rate. Habitual smokers have been found to weigh 3-6 kg less than non-smokers. In the text the explanation of this relationship is examined. Findings include, the need to do something with one’s hands, food preferences, choosing sweets over other foods. Findings further explained that during the cessation stage an ex-smoker will gain 4. 5 kg and that roughly 13% will gain at least 11 kg. Efforts to address weight concerns in smoking cessation programs may need to target these subjects as it leads to these individuals not ceases to stop smoking cigarettes. Cigarette smoking is a well-documented public health problem. Furthermore, cigarette smoking has established effects on body weight. What is the cause and effect as to why smokers may have a lower BMI than non-smokers, and how do cigarettes affect weight gain during and after cessation? Also, does the possibility of weight gain after cessation, stop the smoking from quitting for fear of gaining weight? Tobacco deaths alone account for 4. 9 million deaths annually. Aside from the addictive properties, one explanation could be the belief that cigarettes contribute to a lower BMI. Also what happens to your BMI once you cease smoking cigarettes? The following review will examine scientific data on weight concerns and smoking behaviors. The dimensions of appearance concerns in smokers An individual’s outward appearance appears to play a large role in the onset and continuation of smoking. One way to tackle the problem of weight gain in smokers vs. nonsmokers is to simply ask them what their fears are, with regards to gaining weight and their appearance in general. Grogan, Hartley, Conner, Fry and Gough (2010) conducted an experimental research, involving a questionnaire of a total of 244 British, 17-34 yr. lds. The questionnaire given to the subjects was the Multidimensional Body- Self Relations Appearance Sub- Scales. The subjects were then asked to rate their feelings towards their appearance. The method involved mailing the questionnaire to 547 non-student participants in Leeds who had taken part of a previous smoking study; as well as an additional 80 university students that attended Staffordshire. The questionnaires were returned, some counting as undeliverable, which resulted in a final number of 244 complete data sets, Grogan et. al. (2010). The participants include Staffordshire University 7 male smokers, 36 male non-smokers, 5 female smokers and 32 female non-smokers. The sample from Leeds included 8 male smokers, 49 male non-smokers, 43 female smokers and 103 female non-smokers, Grogan et. al. (2010) . The questionnaire included closed and two open- ended questions, one such question was, why do you smoke? The scale also measured things such as Appearance Scale and Appearance Evaluation, also along with self-classified weight. The results that the researchers used , were compared by two factors Manova  Ã‚  followed by Univariate Anova. Results revealed the following data (F-4. 237=7. 90;p0. 001 eta squared=0. 10) In the end the only variable that differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers was appearance evaluation; smokers were not as positive about their appearance than non-smokers, Grogan, (2010). It should also be noted that this was based on asking subjects about their feelings toward their general physical appearance, not merely centered on feeling overweight, the results do not go along with the previous studies that smokers are more preoccupied with their weight than non-smokers, Grogan et. l. (2010). The results suggest that to in the future targeting smoking cessation programs need to target the smokers concern for the his/her overall appearance, as well as weight gain. Smoking as a Means to loose Weight There are many negative effects that continued smoking contributes to. Among many of these effects there is an altercation of lipid metabolism, through the increase of lipolysis, insulin resistance and the tissue lipotoxity, Gastaldelli, Folli, Maffei (2010). The researchers noted that smokers have in general a lower BMI than non -smokers. It is noted however, that heavy smoking is associated with less physical activity which often can lead to obesity, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). It well established that smoking or nicotine ingestion increases the basal metabolic rate, which could explain an increased energy expenditure in smokers, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). Smokers tend to be thinner than non-smokers and former smokers, and several studies have shown that a smoker’s BMI is lower, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). In further support of this finding, it has also been found that heavy smokers tend to have higher BMI’s than lighter smokers and even some non smokers Gastaldelli et. l. (2010). Also in general the abdomen is where the fat in smokers seems to accumulate the most; as well as showing an increased waist to hip ratio. However, there has also been noted a decrease in the resting metabolism when a smoker reaches cessation. It has also been suggested that there is an It has also been suggested that there is an enhancement in metabolism when it combined with nicotine and exercise, Gastaldelli et. al. (2010). Cigarette smoking among high school students has increased as well. There are on average one-quarter of high school students currently smoking cigarettes, Johnson, Eaton, Pederson, Lowry (2009). The question remained whether high school students were using cigarettes as a method to control their weight, Johnson (2009). The method that was used for this research involved the youth Behavior Risk data (2005), where behaviors such as current cigarette use, trying to loose weight and (2009). Separate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odd ratios for cigarette use and trying to loose weight. In Spring of 2005 a three stage cluster model was used and the survey was administered to students in grades 9-12. There were a total of 98 items on the survey. The questions centered on how many cigarettes smoked, as well as whether or not weight was a factor that the students considered. The student’s method that was used for this research involved the youth Behavior Risk data (2005), where behaviors such as current cigarette use, trying to loose weight and also keep from gaining weight , Johnson (2009). Separate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odd ratios for cigarette use and trying to loose weight. The student’s BMI was also calculated from the metric conversions of self reported height and weight, Johnson(2009). Using the CDC growth charts the BMI was created as well. All of the statistical analysis including prevalence, and odd ratios were performed on weighted data, using SAS-Callable, Johnson (2009). The study indicated that trying to loose weight was associated with cigarette smoking before but not after, which in turn accounted for healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors, Johnson (2009). Similarly, Park (2009) found that there is a rather consistent association between being concerned with one’s weight and current smoking. Data was then collected from the Minnesota Survey on Adult Substance, which used a telephone survey (N= 16289). Current smoking and mental health were considered, in relation to one’s body weight. The BMI was self reported and each subject was assigned a 1-4 on the body weight category. Those who reported smoking have smoked 100 cigarettes or more in their life and had 30 days Park (2009). The K6 scale was used to screen the subjects for any mental illness that was diagnosable, Park (2009). With further research Park, found that underweight woman were more likely to smoke. Smoking and BMI How does smoking effect BMI, is the question that Neil E. Grunberg examined, in 1985. Studies were conducted to compare the body weight of smokers vs. non-smokers. Habitual smokers have been found to weigh less 3-6kg less than non-smokers, Grunberg (1985). Interestingly, according to Grunberg studies have found that there appears to very little difference between smoking and BMI with regards to younger participants, specifically those aged 15-19. Considering these two studies it appears clear that smokers weigh less than non-smokers. Explanation of this relationship  One such explanation that can help shed some light onto the correlation between smoking and BMI, is simply food consumption of smokers is less than non-smokers and that smoking cessation lends to increased food consumption, Cigarettes and their affect of one’s lowered BMI over non-smokers Grunberg (1985), offers another explanation is that cigarette smoking increases energy utilization. Therefore, smokers will gain less vs. non-smokers. A third explanation that, Grunberg (1985) mentions is that smoking affects certain food consumption, such as foods that fall into the sweet category. In essence, when a person who smokes cigarettes ceases to, they consume a higher amount of sweets. As well as when a smoker ceases to smoke they may feel a need to do something with their hands or a need for oral satisfaction. Some animal studies report that once nicotine was administered to the animals; their food consumption decreases, Grunberg (1985). Grunberg also points out that it is important to mention that only bland food was provided to the animals, as this may have had something to do with it as well. Another study produced similar results as well according to Grunberg. Subjects were studies during an eight hour period in a laboratory, in which they were not allowed to smoke. What they found was that the subjects ate twice as much sweet and salty food, but the same amount of other foods that they did when smoking was allowed, Grunberg (1985). Munafo, Tilling , Ben- Shlomo (2009) lend even further food for thought into this world. They conducted an longitudinal study in which they compared in different phases. The study consisted of contacting men aged 45-59, who were first seen in an evening lab. At all of the phases, the subjects had their measurements taken as well as their smoking history. The dietary behavior was also included in all phases except Phase IV, Munafo (2009). Non-smokers were also included in the study. Linear regression models were used to relate the BMI, to smoking status. The researchers found in the final results that never smokers and ex-smokers differ in their BMI when compared with current smokers with an average of 1. 6 kg. Also, even more surprisingly, the researchers found that the longer one ceases to smoke the higher their BMI. Munafo finds that the longer a smoker ceases to smoke, in time their BMI will return to the equivalent of that to never smokers.

Flipping Pages While Drinking Coffee Essay -- Personal Narrative Books

Flipping Pages While Drinking Coffee I never really got into the world of coffee shops – especially a coffee shop/bookstore all in one. When I used to think of Barnes and Noble, I thought of people like my cousin who is somewhat snobbish and would spend her evenings there reading and drinking her coffee. The other type of person that seemed like they would fit there is, I guess what one would call, a â€Å"bookworm† or â€Å"nerd.† I know that seems a bit harsh, but one tends to get stereotypes of things that are unfamiliar to them. Through visiting Barnes and Noble I realized that my assumptions were entirely wrong. There were very few snobbish-looking people there. A gentleman who works at Barnes and Noble said that one of the main reasons he likes working in the coffee shop is because of the huge diversity among the people that go there. By visiting Barnes and Noble I realized that the atmosphere and the many things that they offer are what draw in a wide variety of patrons. The first time I went was to meet with a group of fellow students to work on a project. We went around 9:30 at night. After I entered their wooden doors, I looked around. Off to my right was an area that contained magazines, to my left - the checkout counters, and straight ahead was a multitude of books followed by Barnes and Nobles most distinguishing feature, the Starbucks coffee shop. My friend and I walked to the coffee shop and purchased a juice. I then said I would go find a place for us to sit. I figured this would give me a chance to look around. The first thing I noticed was the children’s books area. It is a large area in the back corner of the store. Of course I had to walk through it. It contained many books, but also a small ta... ...are like neighbors. The experience of coffee and music is the conduit, with the environment being the foundation. But it comes to life by the connection between our people and the customer.† As you can see by this quote Barnes and Noble stresses the idea of their environment being conducive to a place where really anyone can come and feel comfortable. It is a place that offers many things. In my eyes it offers a place where one can go, simply to buy a book, or to sit and read it while they drink a cup of coffee, if that is their fancy. It offers an atmosphere that is friendly and relaxing, while also offering a feeling of refinement. The atmosphere pulls you in, and allows you to let yourself be comfortable there. Once you combine all of their features, it becomes a place where anyone, no matter what they are looking for can go to enjoy themselves.

Cystic Fibrosis

————————————————- Introduction Cystic fibrosis  (also called  CF  or  mucoviscidosis) is an  autosomal  recessive  genetic disorder  that affects most critically the  lungs, and also the  pancreas,  liver, and  intestine. It is characterized by abnormal transport of  chloride  and  sodium  across an  epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions. The name  refers to the characteristic  scarring  (fibrosis) and  cyst  formation within the  pancreas that was first recognized in the 1930s.Difficulty in breathing  is the most serious symptom and results from frequent  lung infections  which are treated with  antibiotics, therapies and several other medications. Other  symptoms, including  sinus infections,  poor growth, and  infertility affect other parts of the body. A breathing treatment for cystic fibrosis, usi ng a mask nebulizer and a ThAIRapy Vest A breathing treatment for cystic fibrosis, using a mask nebulizer and a ThAIRapy Vest CF is caused by a  mutation  in the  gene  for the  protein  cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator  (CFTR).This protein is required to regulate the components of sweat,  digestive  juices, and  mucus. CFTR regulates the movement of  chloride  and  sodium ions across epithelial membranes, such as the alveolar epithelia located in the  lungs. Although most people without CF have two working copies of the CFTR gene, only one is needed to prevent cystic fibrosis due to the disorder's recessive nature. CF develops when neither gene works normally (as a result of mutation) and therefore has  autosomal recessive  inheritance.CF is most common among  Caucasians; one in 25 people of European descent  carries one  allele  for CF. The  World Health Organization  states that â€Å"In the European Union, 1 in 200 0–3000 new-borns is found to be affected by CF†. Individuals with cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed before birth by  genetic testing or by a  sweat test  in early childhood. Ultimately,  lung transplantation  is often necessary as CF worsens. ————————————————- Signs and symptomsThe hallmark symptoms of cystic fibrosis are salty tasting skin,  poor growth and poor weight gain despite a normal food intake,  accumulation of thick, sticky mucus, frequent chest infections, and coughing or shortness of breath. Signs and symptoms often appear in infancy and childhood, such as  bowel movement obstruction  in new-born babies. As the children grow, they must exercise to release the mucus present in the alveoli. Ciliated  epithelial cells present  in the patient have a mutated protein that leads to abnormally viscous mucus production.The poor growth in children typically presents as an inability to gain weight or height at the same rate as their peers and is occasionally not diagnosed until investigation is initiated for poor growth. The causes of growth failure are multifactorial and include chronic lung infection, poor absorption of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract, and increased metabolic demand due to chronic illness. In rare cases, cystic fibrosis can manifest itself as a coagulation disorder. A double recessive allele is needed for cystic fibrosis to be apparent.Young children are especially sensitive to vitamin  malabsorptive disorders because only a very small amount of vitamin K crosses the placenta, leaving the child with very low reserves. Because factors II, VII, IX, and X (clotting factors) are vitamin K–dependent, low levels of vitamin K can result in coagulation problems. Consequently, when a child presents with unexplained bruising, a coagulation evaluation may be warranted to determine whet her there is an underlying disease. Lungs and sinuses Lung disease results from clogging of the airways due to mucus build-up, decreased  mucociliary clearance, and resulting  inflammation.Inflammation and infection cause injury and structural changes to the lungs, leading to a variety of symptoms. In the early stages, regular incessant coughing along with copious  phlegm  production, and decreased ability to exercise are common. Many of these symptoms occur when  bacteria that normally inhabit the thick mucus grow out of control and cause pneumonia. In later stages, changes in the architecture of the lung, such as pathology in the major airways (bronchiectasis), further exacerbate difficulties in breathing.Other symptoms include coughing up blood (hemoptysis), high  blood pressure  in the lung (pulmonary hypertension),  heart failure, difficulties getting enough  oxygen to the body (hypoxia), and respiratory failure requiring support with breathing masks, such asà ‚  bi-level positive airway pressure  machines or  ventilators. Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  are the three most common organisms causing lung infections in CF patients. In addition to typical bacterial infections, people with CF more commonly develop other types of lung disease.Among these is  allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, in which the body's response to the common  fungus  Aspergillus fumigatus  causes worsening of breathing problems. Another is infection with Mycobacterium avium  complex (MAC), a group of bacteria related to  tuberculosis, which can cause a lot of lung damage and does not respond to common antibiotics. Mucus in the  paranasal sinuses  is equally thick and may also cause blockage of the sinus passages, leading to infection. This may cause facial pain, fever, nasal drainage, and  headaches.Individuals with CF may develop overgrowth of the nasal tissue (nasal polyps) due to inflammati on from chronic sinus infections. Recurrent sinonasal polyps can occur in as many as 10% to 25% of CF patients. These polyps can block the nasal passages and increase breathing difficulties. Cardiorespiratory complications are the most common cause of death (~80%) in patients at most CF centers in the United States. Gastrointestinal Prior to prenatal and  newborn screening, cystic fibrosis was often diagnosed when a newborn infant failed to pass feces (meconium).Meconium may completely block the  intestines  and cause serious illness. This condition, called  meconium ileus, occurs in 5–10%  of newborns with CF. In addition, protrusion of internal  rectal  membranes (rectal prolapse) is more common, occurring in as many as 10% of children with CF, and it is caused by increased fecal volume, malnutrition, and  pressure due to coughing. The thick mucus seen in the lungs has a counterpart in thickened secretions from the  pancreas, an organ responsible for provi ding digestive  that help break down food.These secretions block the  exocrine  movement of the digestive enzymes into the  duodenum and result in irreversible damage to the pancreas, often with painful inflammation (pancreatitis). The  pancreatic ducts  are totally plugged in more advanced cases, usually seen in older children or adolescents. This causes atrophy of the exocrine glands and progressive fibrosis. The lack of digestive enzymes leads to difficulty absorbing nutrients with their subsequent excretion in the feces, a disorder known as malabsorption. Malabsorption leads to  malnutrition  and poor growth and evelopment because of calorie loss. Resultant hypoproteinemia  may be severe enough to cause generalized edema. Individuals with CF also have difficulties absorbing the fat-soluble vitamins  A,  D,  E, and  K. In addition to the pancreas problems, people with cystic fibrosis experience more  heartburn, intestinal blockage by  intussusception , and constipation. Older individuals with CF may develop  distal intestinal obstruction syndrome  when thickened feces cause intestinal blockage. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency occurs in the majority (85% to 90%) of patients with CF.It is mainly associated with â€Å"severe† CFTR mutations, where both alleles are completely nonfunctional (e. g. ?F508/? F508). It occurs in 10% to 15% of patients with one â€Å"severe† and one â€Å"mild† CFTR mutation where there still is a little CFTR activity, or where there are two â€Å"mild† CFTR mutations. In these milder cases, there is still sufficient pancreatic exocrine function so that enzyme supplementation is not required. There are usually no other GI complications in pancreas-sufficient phenotypes, and in general, such individuals usually have excellent growth and development.Despite this, idiopathic  chronic pancreatitis  can occur in a subset of pancreas-sufficient individuals with CF, and is a ssociated with recurrent abdominal pain and life-threatening complications. Thickened secretions also may cause liver problems in patients with CF. Bile  secreted by the liver to aid in digestion may block the  bile ducts, leading to liver damage. Over time, this can lead to scarring and nodularity (cirrhosis). The liver fails to rid the blood of toxins and does not make important  proteins, such as those responsible for  blood clotting. Liver disease is the third most common cause of death associated with cystic fibrosis.Endocrine Clubbing in the fingers of a person with cystic fibrosis Clubbing in the fingers of a person with cystic fibrosis The  pancreas  contains the  islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for making insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood  glucose. Damage of the pancreas can lead to loss of the islet  cells, leading to a type of diabetes that is unique to those with the disease. This cystic fibrosis-related diabetes  (CFRD) shares characteristics that can be found in  type 1and  type 2  diabetics, and is one of the principal non-pulmonary complications of CF.Vitamin D is involved in  calcium  and  phosphate  regulation. Poor uptake of vitamin D from the diet because of malabsorption can lead to the bone disease  osteoporosis  in which weakened bones are more susceptible to  fractures. In addition, people with CF often develop clubbing  of their fingers and toes due to the effects of chronic illness and  low oxygen  in their tissues. Infertility Infertility  affects both men and women. At least 97% of men with cystic fibrosis are infertile, but not sterile and can have children with assisted reproductive techniques.The main cause of infertility in men with cystic fibrosis is congenital absence of the vas deferens  (which normally connects the  testes  to the  ejaculatory ducts  of the  penis), but potentially also by other mechanisms such as causing  azoospermia,  te ratospermia  and  oligoasthenospermia. Many men found to have congenital absence of the vas deferens during evaluation for infertility have a mild, previously undiagnosed form of CF. Some women have fertility difficulties due to thickened cervical mucus or malnutrition. In severe cases, malnutrition disrupts  ovulation  and causes  amenorrhea. ———————————————— Cause CF is caused by a  mutation  in the  gene  cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator  (CFTR). The most common mutation,  ? F508, is a deletion (? signifying deletion) of three nucleotides  that results in a loss of the amino acid  phenylalanine  (F) at the 508th position on the protein. This mutation accounts for two-thirds (66–70%) of CF cases worldwide and 90% of cases in the  United States; however, there are over 1500 other mutations that can produce CF.Althou gh most people have two working copies (alleles) of the CFTR gene, only one is needed to prevent cystic fibrosis. CF develops when neither allele can produce a functional CFTR protein. Thus, CF is considered an  autosomal recessive disease. The  CFTR gene, found at the q31. 2  locus  of  chromosome 7, is 230,000  base pairs  long, and creates a protein that is 1,480  amino acids  long. More specifically the location is between base pair 117,120,016 to 117,308,718 on the long arm of chromosome 7, region 3, band 1 and sub-band 2, represented as 7q31. . Structurally, CFTR is a type of gene known as an  ABC gene. The product of this gene (the CFTR) is a chloride ion channel important in creating sweat,  digestive  juices and  mucus. This protein possesses two  ATP-hydrolyzing  domains, which allows the protein to use  energy  in the form of  ATP. It also contains two domains comprising 6  alpha helices  apiece, which allow the protein to cross the cell membrane. A regulatory  binding site  on the protein allows activation by  phosphorylation, mainly by  cAMP-dependent protein kinase.The  carboxyl terminal  of the protein is anchored to the  cytoskeleton  by a  PDZ  domain interaction. In addition, there is increasing evidence that  genetic modifiers  besides CFTR modulate the frequency and severity of the disease. One example is  mannan-binding lectin, which is involved in  innate immunity  by facilitating  phagocytosis  of microorganisms. Polymorphisms in one or both mannan-binding lectin alleles that result in lower circulating levels of the protein are associated with a threefold higher risk of end-stage lung disease, as well as an increased burden of chronic bacterial infections. ———————————————— Pathophysiology Molecular structure of the CFTR protein Molecular structure of the CFTR protein There are several mutations in the  CFTR  gene, and different mutations cause different defects in the CFTR protein, sometimes causing a milder or more severe disease. These protein defects are also targets for drugs which can sometimes restore their function. ?F508-CFTR, which occurs in >90% of patients in the U. S. , creates a protein that does not  fold  normally and is degraded by the cell.Other mutations result in proteins that are too short (truncated) because  production  is ended prematurely. Other mutations produce proteins that do not use energy normally, do not allow  chloride iodide  and  thiocyanate  to cross the membrane appropriately,  or are degraded at a faster rate than normal. Mutations may also lead to fewer copies of the CFTR protein being produced. The protein created by this gene is anchored to the  outer membrane of  cells  in the  sweat glands, lungs, pancreas, and all other remaining exocrine glands in the body.Th e protein spans this membrane and acts as a  channel  connecting the inner part of the cell (cytoplasm) to the  surrounding fluid. This channel is primarily responsible for controlling the movement of halogens from inside to outside of the cell; however, in the sweat ducts it facilitates the movement of chloride from the sweat into the cytoplasm. When the CFTR protein does not work, chloride and thiocyanate  are trapped inside the cells in the airway and outside in the skin. Then  hypothiocyanite, OSCN, cannot be produced by immune defense system.Because chloride is  negatively charged, this creates a difference in the electrical potential inside and outside the cell causing  cations  to cross into the cell. Sodium is the most common cation in the extracellular space and the combination of sodium and chloride creates the  salt, which is lost in high amounts in the sweat of individuals with CF. This lost salt forms the basis for the sweat test. Most of the damage in CF is due to blockage of the narrow passages of affected organs with thickened secretions.These blockages lead to remodeling and infection in the lung, damage by accumulated digestive enzymes in the pancreas, blockage of the intestines by thick faeces, etc. There are several theories on how the defects in the protein and cellular function cause the clinical effects. One theory is that the lack of halogen and pseudohalogen (mainly, chloride, iodide and thiocyanate) exiting through the CFTR protein leads to the accumulation of more viscous, nutrient-rich mucus in the lungs that allows bacteria to hide from the body's  immune system.Another theory is that the CFTR protein failure leads to a paradoxical increase in sodium and chloride uptake, which, by leading to increased water reabsorption, creates dehydrated and thick mucus. Yet another theory is that abnormal chloride movement  out  of the cell leads to dehydration of mucus, pancreatic secretions, biliary secretions, etc. Chr onic infections The lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis are colonized and infected by bacteria from an early age. These bacteria, which often spread among individuals with CF, thrive in the altered mucus, which collects in the small airways of the lungs.This mucus leads to the formation of bacterial microenvironments known as biofilms that are difficult for immune cells and antibiotics to penetrate. Viscous secretions and persistent respiratory infections repeatedly damage the lung by gradually remodeling the airways, which makes infection even more difficult to eradicate. Over time, both the types of bacteria and their individual characteristics change in individuals with CF. In the initial stage, common bacteria such as  Staphylococcus aureus  and  Hemophilus influenzae  colonize and infect the lungs.Eventually,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (and sometimes  Burkholderia cepacia) dominates. By 18 years of age, 80% of patients with classic cystic fibrosis harbor  Ps eudomonas aeruginosa, and another 3. 5% harbor Burkholderia cepacia. Once within the lungs, these bacteria adapt to the environment and develop  resistance  to commonly used antibiotics. Pseudomonas  can develop special characteristics that allow the formation of large colonies, known as â€Å"mucoid†Ã‚  Pseudomonas, which are rarely seen in people that do not have CF. One way infection spreads is by passing between different individuals with CF.In the past, people with CF often participated in summer â€Å"CF Camps† and other recreational gatherings. Hospitals grouped patients with CF into common areas and routine equipment (such as  nebulizers)  was not sterilized between individual patients. This led to transmission of more dangerous strains of bacteria among groups of patients. As a result, individuals with CF are routinely isolated from one another in the healthcare setting and healthcare providers are encouraged to wear gowns and gloves when examining p atients with CF to limit the spread of virulent bacterial strains.CF patients may also have their airways chronically colonized by filamentous fungi (such as  Aspergillus fumigatus,  Scedosporium apiospermum,  Aspergillus terreus) and/or yeasts (such as  Candida albicans); other filamentous fungi less commonly isolated include Aspergillus flavus  and  Aspergillus nidulans  (occur transiently in CF respiratory secretions), and  Exophiala dermatitidis  and Scedosporium prolificans  (chronic airway-colonizers); some filamentous fungi like  Penicillium emersonii  and  Acrophialophora fusisporaare encountered in patients almost exclusively in the context of CF.Defective mucociliary clearance characterizing CF is associated with local immunological disorders. In addition, the prolonged therapy with antibiotics and the use of corticosteroid treatments may also facilitate fungal growth. Although the clinical relevance of the fungal airway colonization is still a ma tter of debate, filamentous fungi may contribute to the local inflammatory response, and therefore to the progressive deterioration of the lung function, as often happens with allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) – the ost common fungal disease in the context of CF, involving a Th2-driven immune response to Aspergillus. ————————————————- Diagnosis and monitoring CFTR gene on chromosome 7 CFTR gene on chromosome 7 Cystic fibrosis may be diagnosed by many different methods including  newborn screening,  sweat testing, and genetic testing. As of 2006 in the United States, 10 percent of cases are diagnosed shortly after birth as part of newborn screening programs.The newborn screen initially measures for raised blood concentration of immunoreactive trypsinogen. Infants with an abnormal newborn screen need a sweat test to confirm the CF diagnosis. In many cases, a parent makes the diagnosis because the infant tastes salty. Trypsinogen  levels can be increased in individuals who have a single mutated copy of the  CFTR  gene (carriers) or, in rare instances, in individuals with two normal copies of the  CFTR  gene. Due to these  false positives, CF screening in newborns can be controversial.Most states and countries do not screen for CF routinely at birth. Therefore, most individuals are diagnosed after symptoms (e. g. sinopulmonary disease and GI manifestations) prompt an evaluation for cystic fibrosis. The most commonly used form of testing is the sweat test. Sweat-testing involves application of a medication that stimulates sweating (pilocarpine). To deliver the medication through the skin, iontophoresis  is used to, whereby one  electrode  is placed onto the applied medication and an electric current  is passed to a separate electrode on the skin.The resultant sweat is then collected on filter paper or in a capi llary tube and analyzed for abnormal amounts of  sodium  and  chloride. People with CF have increased amounts of sodium and chloride in their sweat. In contrast, people with CF have less thiocyanate and  hypothiocyanite  in their saliva and mucus. CF can also be diagnosed by identification of mutations in the CFTR gene. People with CF may be listed in a  disease registry  that allows researchers and doctors to track health results and identify candidates for  clinical trials. PrenatalCouples who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy can have themselves tested for the CFTR gene mutations to determine the risk that their child will be born with cystic fibrosis. Testing is typically performed first on one or both parents and, if the risk of CF is high, testing on the  fetus  is performed. The  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists  (ACOG) recommends testing for couples who have a personal or close family history of CF, and they recommend that carrie r testing be offered to all Caucasian couples and be made available to couples of other ethnic backgrounds.Because development of CF in the fetus requires each parent to pass on a mutated copy of the CFTR gene and because CF testing is expensive, testing is often performed initially on one parent. If testing shows that parent is a CFTR gene mutation carrier, the other parent is tested to calculate the risk that their children will have CF. CF can result from more than a thousand different mutations, and as of 2006 it is not possible to test for each one. Testing analyzes the blood for the most common mutations such as ? F508—most commercially available tests look for 32 or fewer different mutations.If a family has a known uncommon mutation, specific screening for that mutation can be performed. Because not all known mutations are found on current tests, a negative screen does not guarantee that a child will not have CF. During pregnancy, testing can be performed on the  pla centa  (chorionic villus sampling) or the fluid around the fetus (amniocentesis). However,  chorionic villus sampling  has a risk of fetal death of 1 in 100 and amniocentesis of 1 in 200;  a recent study has indicated this may be much lower, approximately 1 in 1,600.Economically, for carrier couples of cystic fibrosis, when comparing pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) with natural conception (NC) followed by prenatal testing and abortion of affected pregnancies, PGD provides net economic benefits up to a maternal age of approximately 40 years, after which NC, prenatal testing and abortion has higher economic benefit. ————————————————- Management While there are no cures for cystic fibrosis there are several treatment methods. The management of cystic fibrosis has improved significantly over the past 70 years.While infants born with cystic fibrosis 70 years ag o would have been unlikely to live beyond their first year, infants today are likely to live well into adulthood. Recent advances in the treatment of cystic fibrosis have meant that an individual with cystic fibrosis can live a fuller life less encumbered by their condition. The cornerstones of management are proactive treatment of  airway infection, and encouragement of good nutrition and an active lifestyle. Management of cystic fibrosis continues throughout a patient's life, and is aimed at maximizing organ function, and therefore quality of life.At best, current treatments delay the decline in organ function. Because of the wide variation in disease symptoms treatment typically occurs at specialist multidisciplinary centers, and is tailored to the individual. Targets for therapy are the  lungs,  gastrointestinal tract  (including pancreatic enzyme supplements), the  reproductive organs  (including (ART) and psychological support. The most consistent aspect of therapy in cystic fibrosis is limiting and treating the lung damage caused by thick mucus and infection. Intravenous,  inhaled, and oral antibiotics are used to treat chronic and acute infections.Mechanical devices and inhalation medications are used to alter and clear the thickened mucus. These therapies, while effective, can be extremely time-consuming for the patient. One of the most important battles that CF patients face is finding the time to comply with prescribed treatments while balancing a normal life. In addition, therapies such as  transplantation  and  gene therapy  aim to cure some of the effects of cystic fibrosis. Gene therapy aims to introduce normal CFTR to airway. Theoretically this process should be simple as the airway is easily accessible and there is only a single gene defect to correct.There are two CFTR gene introduction mechanisms involved, the first use of a viral vector (adenovirus, adeno-associated virus or retro virus) and secondly the use of  lipo some. However there are some problems associated with these methods involving efficiency (liposomes insufficient protein) and delivery (virus provokes an immune response). Antibiotics Many CF patients are on one or more  antibiotics  at all times, even when healthy, to  prophylactically  suppress infection. Antibiotics are absolutely necessary whenever pneumonia is suspected or there has been a noticeable decline in lung function, and are usually chosen based on the results of a putum analysis and the patient's past response. This prolonged therapy often necessitates hospitalization and insertion of a more permanent  IV  such as a  peripherally inserted central catheter  (PICC line) or  Port-a-Cath. Inhaled therapy with antibiotics such as tobramycin,  colistin, and  aztreonam  is often given for months at a time to improve lung function by impeding the growth of colonized bacteria. Oral antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin or  azithromycin  are given to hel p prevent infection or to control ongoing infection. The  aminoglycoside  antibiotics (e. g. obramycin) with long-term use can cause  several side effects such as hearing loss, damaging the  balance system  present in the  inner ear  and producing many chronic kidney problems  . To prevent these  side-effects, the amount of antibiotics in the blood are routinely measured and adjusted accordingly. Other treatments for lung disease Several mechanical techniques are used to dislodge sputum and encourage its expectoration. In the hospital setting, chest physiotherapy (CPT) is utilized; a respiratory therapist percusses an individual's chest with his or her hands several times a day, to loosen up secretions.Devices that recreate this percussive therapy include the  ThAIRapy Vest  and the  intrapulmonary percussive ventilator  (IPV). Newer methods such as  Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation, and associated clearance mode available in such devices, integrate a cough a ssistance phase, as well as a vibration phase for dislodging secretions. These are portable and adapted for home use. Aerosolized medications that help loosen secretions include  dornase alfa  and  hypertonic  saline. Dornase is a  recombinant  human deoxyribonuclease, which breaks down DNA in the  sputum, thus decreasing its  viscosity.Denufosol  is an investigational drug that opens an alternative chloride channel, helping to liquefy mucus. As lung disease worsens, mechanical breathing support may become necessary. Individuals with CF may need to wear special masks at night that help push air into their lungs. These machines, known as  bi-level positive airway pressure  (BiPAP) ventilators, help prevent low blood oxygen levels during sleep. BiPAP may also be used during physical therapy to improve sputum clearance. During severe illness, a  tube  may be placed in the throat (a procedure known as a  tracheostomy) to enable breathing supported by a  ven tilator.For children living with CF, preliminary studies show pediatric massage therapy may improve patients and their families’ quality of life, though more rigorous studies must be done. Transplantation Lung transplantation  often becomes necessary for individuals with cystic fibrosis as lung function ceases and  exercise tolerance  declines. Although single lung transplantation is possible in other diseases, individuals with CF must have both lungs replaced because the remaining lung might contain bacteria that could infect the transplanted lung.A pancreatic or liver transplant may be performed at the same time in order to alleviate liver disease and/or diabetes. Lung transplantation is considered when lung function declines to the point where assistance from mechanical devices is required or patient survival is threatened. Other aspects Intracytoplasmic sperm injection can be used to provide fertility for men with cystic. .fibrosis Intracytoplasmic sperm injection c an be used to provide fertility for men with cystic. .fibrosis New-borns with intestinal obstruction typically require surgery, whereas adults with  distal intestinal obstruction syndrome typically do not.Treatment of pancreatic insufficiency by replacement of missing digestive enzymes allows the duodenum to properly absorb nutrients and vitamins that would otherwise be lost in the faeces. So far, no large-scale research involving the incidence of  atherosclerosis  and  coronary heart disease  in adults with cystic fibrosis has been conducted. This is likely due to the fact that the vast majority of people with cystic fibrosis do not live long enough to develop clinically significant atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease.Diabetes  is the most common non-pulmonary complication of CF. It mixes features of  type 1and  type 2  diabetes, and is recognized as a distinct entity,  cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). While oral  anti-diabetic drugs  are somet imes used, the only recommended treatment is the use of  insulin  injections or an  insulin pump,  and unlike in type 1 and 2 diabetes, dietary restrictions are not recommended. Development of  osteoporosis  can be prevented by increased intake of vitamin D and  calcium, and can be treated by  bisphosphonates, although  adverse effects  can be an issue.Poor growth may be avoided by insertion of a  feeding tube  for increasing  calories  through supplemental feeds or by administration of injected  growth hormone. Sinus infections are treated by prolonged courses of antibiotics. The development of nasal polyps or other chronic changes within the nasal passages may severely limit airflow through the nose, and over time reduce the patient's sense of smell. Sinus surgery is often used to alleviate nasal obstruction and to limit further infections. Nasal steroids such as  fluticasone  are used to decrease nasal inflammation.Female infertility may be overc ome by  assisted reproduction  technology (ART) with the help of embryo transfer  techniques. Male infertility caused by absence of the  vas deferens  may be overcome with  testicular sperm extraction  (TEST), collecting sperm cells directly from the testicles. If the collected sample contains too few sperm cells to likely have a spontaneous  fertilization,  intracytoplasmic sperm injection  can be performed. Third party reproduction  is also a possibility for women with CF. ————————————————- PrognosisThe prognosis for cystic fibrosis has improved due to earlier diagnosis through screening, better treatment and access to health care. In 1959, the median age of survival of children with cystic fibrosis in the United States was six months. In 2008, survival averaged 37. 4 years. In Canada, median survival increased from 24 years in 1982 to 47. 7 in 2007 . Of those with cystic fibrosis who are more than 18 years old as of 2009; 92% had graduated from  high school, 67% had at least some college education, 15% were disabled and 9% were unemployed, 56% were single and 39% were married or living with a partner.In Russia  the overall median age of patients is 25, which is caused by the absence or high cost of medication and the fact that lung transplantation is not performed. Quality of life Chronic illnesses can be very difficult to manage. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic illness that affects the â€Å"digestive and respiratory tracts resulting in generalized malnutrition and chronic respiratory infections†. The thick secretions clog the airways in the lungs, which often cause inflammation and severe lung infections. Therefore, mucus makes it challenging to breathe.If it is compromised, it affects the quality of life of someone with CF, and their ability to complete such tasks as everyday chores. It is important for CF pati ents to understand the detrimental relationship that chronic illnesses place on the quality of life. Havermans and colleagues (2006) have shown that young outpatients with CF that have participated in the CFQ-R (Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised) â€Å"rated some QOL domains higher than did their parents†. Consequently, outpatients with CF have a more positive outlook for themselves.Furthermore, there are many ways to improve the QOL in CF patients. Exercise is promoted to increase lung function. The fact of integrating an exercise regimen into the CF patient’s daily routine can significantly improve the quality of life. There is no definitive cure for Cystic Fibrosis. However, there are diverse medications used such as, mucolytics, bronchodilators, steroids and antibiotics that have the purpose of loosening mucus, expanding airways, decreasing inflammation and fighting lung infections. ————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-Epidemiology Mutation| Frequency worldwide| ?F508| 66%–70%| G542X| 2. 4%| G551D| 1. 6%| N1303K| 1. 3%| W1282X| 1. 2%| All others| 27. 5%| Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-limiting autosomal recessive disease among people of  Caucasian heritage. In the United States, approximately 30,000 individuals have CF; most are diagnosed by six months of age. In  Canada, there are approximately 3,500 people with CF. Approximately 1 in 25 people of European descent, and one in 30 of Caucasian Americans, is a carrier of a cystic fibrosis mutation.Although CF is less common in these groups, approximately 1 in 46  Hispanics, 1 in 65  Africans  and 1 in 90 Asians  carry at least one abnormal CFTR gene. Ireland has the world's highest incidence of cystic fibrosis, at 1:1353. Although technically a  rare disease, cystic fibrosis is ranked as one of the most widespread life-shortening genetic diseases. It is most common among nations in the Western world. An exception is  Finland, where only one in 80 people carry a CF mutation. In the United States, 1 in 4,000 children are born with CF. In 1997, about 1 in 3,300 Caucasian children in the United States was born with cystic fibrosis.In contrast, only 1 in 15,000 African American children suffered from cystic fibrosis, and in Asian Americans the rate was even lower at 1 in 32,000. Cystic fibrosis is diagnosed in males and females equally. For reasons that remain unclear, data has shown that males tend to have a longer  life expectancy  than females,  however recent studies suggest this gender gap may no longer exist perhaps due to improvements in health care facilities,  while a recent study from Ireland identified a link between the female hormone, estrogen and worse outcomes in CF.The distribution of CF alleles varies among populations. The frequency of ? F508 carriers has been estimated at 1:200 in northern Sweden, 1:143 in Lithuanians, and 1 :38 in Denmark. No ? F508 carriers were found among 171  Finns  and 151  Saami people. ?F508 does occur in Finland, but it is a minority allele there. Cystic fibrosis is known to occur in only 20 families (pedigrees) in Finland. Hypotheses about prevalence The  ? F508  mutation is estimated to be up to 52,000 years old. Numerous hypotheses have been advanced as to why such a lethal mutation has persisted and spread in the human population.Other common autosomal recessive diseases such as  sickle-cell anemia have been found to protect carriers from other diseases, a concept known as  heterozygote advantage. Resistances to the following have all been proposed as possible sources of heterozygote advantage: * Cholera: With the finding and discovery that  cholera toxin  requires normal host CFTR proteins to function properly, it was hypothesized that carriers of mutant CFTR genes benefited from resistance to cholera and other causes of diarrhea. Further studies have not confirmed this hypothesis. Typhoid: Normal CFTR proteins are also required essentially for the entry of  Salmonella typhi  into cells,  suggesting that carriers of the mutant CFTR genes might be resistant to  typhoid fever. No  in vivo  study has yet confirmed this. In both cases, the low level of cystic fibrosis outside of Europe, in places where both cholera and typhoid fever are  endemic, is not immediately explicable. * Diarrhea: It has also been hypothesized that the prevalence of CF in Europe might be connected with the development of cattle domestication. In this hypothesis, carriers of a ingle mutant CFTR chromosome had some protection from diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance, prior to the appearance of the mutations that created lactose tolerance. * Tuberculosis: Another explanation is that carriers of the gene could have some resistance to TB. ——————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- History It is supposed that CF appeared about 3,000 BC because of migration of peoples, gene mutations, and new conditions in nourishment. Although the entire clinical spectrum of CF was not recognized until the 1930s, certain aspects of CF were identified much earlier.Indeed, literature  from Germany and Switzerland in the 18th century warned  Wehe dem Kind, das beim Ku? auf die Stirn salzig schmekt, er ist verhext und muss bald sterbeor â€Å"Woe to the child who tastes salty from a kiss on the brow, for he is cursed and soon must die,† recognizing the association between the salt loss in CF and illness. Dorothy Hansine Andersen Dorothy Hansine Andersen In the 19th century,  Carl von Rokitansky  described a case of fetal death with  meconium peritonitis, a complication of meconium ileus associated with cystic fibrosis.Meconium ileus was first described in 1905 by  Karl Landsteiner. In 1936,  Guido Fanconi  published a paper describing a conn ecting link between  celiac disease, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and bronchiectasis. In 1938  Dorothy Hansine Andersen  published an article, â€Å"Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas and Its Relation to Celiac Disease: a Clinical and Pathological Study,† in the  American Journal of Diseases of Children. She was the first to describe the characteristic cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and to correlate it with the lung and intestinal disease prominent in CF.She also first hypothesized that CF was a recessive disease and first used pancreatic enzyme replacement to treat affected children. In 1952 Paul di Sant' Agnese discovered abnormalities in  sweat  electrolytes; a  sweat test  was developed and improved over the next decade. The first linkage between CF and another marker (Paroxonase) was found in 1985, indicating that only one locus exists for CF  Hans Eiberg. In 1988 the first mutation for CF,  ? F508  was discovered by  Francis Collins,  Lap-Che e Tsui  and  John R. Riordan  on the seventh chromosome.Subsequent research has found over 1,000 different mutations that cause CF. Because mutations in the CFTR gene are typically small,  classical genetics  techniques had been unable to accurately pinpoint the mutated gene. Using protein markers,  gene-linkage  studies were able to map the mutation to chromosome 7. Chromosome-walking and  -jumping  techniques were then used to identify and  sequence  the gene. In 1989 Lap-Chee Tsui led a team of researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children  in  Toronto  that discovered the gene responsible for CF.Cystic fibrosis represents the first genetic disorder elucidated strictly by the process of  reverse genetics. ————————————————- Research Gene therapy Gene therapy  has been explored as a potential cure for cystic fibrosis. Ideally, gene therapy places a normal copy of the  CFTR gene into affected cells. Transferring the normal CFTR gene into the affected epithelium cells would result in the production of functional CFTR in all target cells, without adverse reactions or an inflammation response.Studies have shown that to prevent the lung manifestations of cystic fibrosis, only 5–10% the normal amount of CFTR  gene expression  is needed. Multiple approaches have been tested for gene transfer, such as liposomes and viral vectors in animal models and clinical trials. However, both methods were found to be relatively inefficient treatment options. The main reason is that very few cells take up the vector and express the gene, so the treatment has little effect. Additionally, problems have been noted in cDNA recombination, such that the gene introduced by the treatment is rendered unusable.With the help of the  Cystic Fibrosis Trust, which has a league of highly professional gene therapists, both somatic and Adeno -associated viral vector have made advances. The  Adenoviridae, or more commonly known as the cold virus, is genetically altered, allowing the CFTR gene to enter lung cells. Small molecules A number of  small molecules  that aim at compensating various mutations of the CFTR gene are under development. One approach is to develop drugs that get the ribosome to overcome the  stop codon  and synthesize a full-length CFTR protein.About 10% of CF results from a premature stop codon in the DNA, leading to early termination of protein synthesis and truncated proteins. These drugs target nonsense mutations  such as G542X, which consists of the amino acid  glycine  in position 542 being replaced by a stop codon. Aminoglycoside antibiotics interfere with DNA synthesis and error-correction. In some cases, they can cause the cell to overcome the stop codon, insert a random amino acid, and express a full-length protein.The aminoglycoside  gentamicin  has been used to treat lun g cells from CF patients in the laboratory to induce the cells to grow full-length proteins. Another drug targeting nonsense mutations is  ataluren, which is undergoing Phase III clinical trials as of October 2011. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS – XII (NCERT) 2. TRUEMAN’S BIOLOGY FOR CLASS – XII 3. SCIENCE REPORTER (September, 2007) 4. THE NEWYORK TIMES (December 22, 2009) 5. www. google. co. in/cysticfibrosis 6. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis 7. www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov 8. www. cff. org/ 9. www. cysticfibrosis. com/ 10. www. cftrust. org. uk/

Majority Rule In The Bahamas

59 Novembers ago three men came together and form the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP). They were Henry Milton Taylor, William. W. Cartwright, Cyril St. John Stevenson. They began meeting regularly discussing the pros and cons. They invited 7 men to join them but only 6 accepted the invitation. Henry Taylor was the Chairman, William was the treasurer and Cyril became the secretary. The party progressed in Nassau and decided to include the outer islands. When sir. Lynden Piddling came home from law school he joined the PLP party and that was the beginning of the road to majority rule.Sir Lynden Pindling, Randol Fawkes, Auther Hanna, Sir. Milo Butler Sr, Clarence Bain, Samuel Isaacs, and many other women and men planned and strategized to free there people from colonize. At that time racial segregation was a way of life in The Bahamas. The ‘blacks’ were referred to as coloured people. They were schools were coloured children were not allowed to enter. They were places like hotels, shops, and restaurants were colour people were not allowed to dine. There were also churches where coloured people were not allowed to sit in the same pews as the whites.In January 1954 the PLP held its first public meeting. In 1956 there was the first election. The Bay Street Boys started to get scared that they were going to lose so they called the U. S. A policemen saying a Negro colonist party was trying to take over The Bahamas. A group of woman led by Jorgina Symonette and others fundraised to raise funds for the PLP. The PLP did not have enough funds to have fish fries, grocery baskets, free liquor and parties to try and bribe the people like the Bay Street Boys did. The PLP would pass around hats at meetings to try to raise funds but it was not enough.The Bay Street Boys gave out free money to the people for their votes. They would tear the money in half and give half before the election and the other after if they voted freely. On election eve the white candidate fo r Grand Bahama from the UBP paid the black candidate 1000 pounds to drop out. In the 1965 election 6 PLP candidates were elected. They were Sir. Lynden Pindling, Randol Fawkes, Samuel Isaacs, Sir. Milo Butler, Cyril Stevenson and Clarence Bain; they were called the magnificent six. In 1958 a dispute broke out over the carrying of visitors from the new Nassau airport at Windsor field.Tour companies had been formed by the Bay Street Boys edging out the Taxi drivers. On January 12 1958 there was a strike that broke that was very dramatic and successful. On November 1st 1957 the taxi cab union under the leadership of Sir, Clifford Darling and others blocked all traffic to and from Nassau’s international airport for hours while the commissioner officers looked on helplessly. Struggle To achieve Majority Rule On January 13 1958, every hotel and business was closed down completely. The PLP led a boycott along Bay Street. The workers went on strike and cried out â€Å"Not a sweat un til our demands are met†.On January 19, 1959 Doris Johnson had asked to address the House of Assembly and lead a group of woman to declare to vote. They were denied sir Stafford Sands by him saying â€Å"over his dead body’. On July 31 1961 the grant of the Woman’s Suffrage Movement was passed and women were able to vote. The PLP government began the dynamic thrust for educational change in The Bahamas by making secondary education available to all Bahamians in 1967. This was key to removing the scales of ignorance from eyes of a people through a massive commitment to educate.The late Sir Cecil Wallace Whitfield, one of the members of the first majority rule Cabinet, was given the task to improve and Bahamianize the educational system. Huge capital expenditures were made to multiply and upgrade primary and secondary schools, to institute technical education and train new Bahamian teachers. The government’s White Paper on Education provided for the impleme ntation of broad parameter involving teachers, parents and students, and was supportive of the high ideals with the government advocated – self-help, equality, the dignity of labour and service responsibility and co-operation.The establishment of the PLP government also brought about a new outlook on economic development. The objective was directed towards opening up greater economic and social opportunities for the citizens of The Bahamas and for greater flexibility of the economy. One of the major battles to achieve this objective was making Freeport Grand Bahama, safe and desirable for all Bahamians. During the 1970s, the PLP government launched the â€Å"Social Revolution,† which included the introduction of the National Insurance Scheme, a system of social security, which is continuing with a massive low cost housing programme.The PLP government also moved to improve the delivery of health care by adding an extension to the Princess Margaret Hospital, upgrading an d building new polyclinics throughout New Providence and the Family Islands. On April 27th 1965 was Black Tuesday. A crowd of PLP supporters lead by the PLP chairman marched from Windsor Park to Bay Street and assembled in the front of the House of Assembly. Inside the House the PLP members lead by Pindling strongly opposed the revision of the bounties draft order. He advocated a national registration of voters.Outside the House of Assembly the PLP supporters cried out â€Å"Amend, Amend â€Å", â€Å"Shame and Scandal in The House†. Sir Lynden, then Leader of the Opposition, during the heated debate over the issue of boundaries but in a carefully orchestrated move got up and threw the Mace, the Speaker’s symbol of authority, out of the window of the House of Assembly. He declared â€Å"The authority of this Island belongs to the people â€Å"and threw the mace out of the window. â€Å"Yes, people outside and mace belongs outside to. † He shouted. After that Sir Milo Butler got up and threw the two hour glass that were used to time to speakers out of the window.The UPB watched surprisingly. Sir Lynden Pindling then led the crowd singing the song â€Å"We Shall Overcome†. ACHIEVEING Majority Rule An election was then called on January 10th, 1967. This was because in the Bible in the book of Exodus the Lord said he will free the children of Egypt on the tenth day of the first month. January 10th, 1967 was neither an end nor even a beginning. Instead, it was an important milestone in a journey that was begun centuries ago when some anonymous slave struck a blow for freedom for the first time. We pause to pay homage to the personalities and players in this epic struggle.In a hard fought and competitive election in 1967, the PLP delivered the following 18 members to a 38-member House of Assembly. They were: Lynden Pindling, Preston Albury, Clarence Bain, Milo Butler, Clifford Darling, Elwood Donaldson, Arthur Foulkes, Carlton Francis , Arthur Hanna, Warren Levarity, Curtis MacMillan, Uriah McPhee, Maurice Moore, Edmund Moxey, Jimmy Shepherd, George Thompson, Jeffrey Thompson and Cecil Wallace Whitfield. Randol Fawkes who successfully ran as Labour in 1962 and 1967 with the support of the PLP threw his support behind the PLP and became a member of the first Majority Rule cabinet.He figured prominently in the movement toward Majority Rule. Successful Independent candidate Sir Alvin Braynen threw in his lot with the PLP and accepted the post of Speaker of the House. These two warriors for justice and freedom tipped the proverbial scale in favour of the PLP and the first Majority Rule cabinet was formed: This distinguished group consisted of Cecil Wallace-Whitfield, Milo Butler, Arthur Hanna, Clarence Bain, Jeffrey Thompson, Carlton Francis, Randol Fawkes, Warren Levarity, Curtis McMillan, Clement T. Maynard and Lynden Pindling.

Why Duke Essay 4 Tips for a Great Essay

Why Duke Essay 4 Tips for a Great Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you hoping to become a Blue Devil? The Why Duke essay is a small but important part of your Duke application. This is the place where you explain exactly why you love Duke so much.However, there are thousands of students who want to attend Duke, and only a small percentage of them get in. What can you do to make sure your Why Duke essay sets you apart and helps you get accepted? Keep reading to learn what the Why Duke essay prompts are, exactly what Duke is looking for when they read them, and what you should write about to and convince Duke you’d be an asset to their school. We also include a Why Duke essay example so you can see what an actual essay response looks like. The Why Duke Essay Prompts The Why Duke essay prompt is one of several essay prompts you’ll need to answer in your Duke application. You can learn more about the other Duke essays in our in-depth guide.There are actually two Why Duke essay prompts, and you’ll answer one of them. The prompt you answer is based on which college you apply to within Duke, either the Trinity College of Arts Sciences or the Pratt School of Engineering. Here’s the Why Duke essay prompt for Arts Science applicants: If you are applying to the Trinity College of Arts Sciences as either a first-year or transfer applicant, please discuss why you consider Duke a good match for you. Is there something particular about Duke that attracts you? (150 words maximum) Here’s the Why Duke essay prompt for Engineering applicants: If you are applying to the Pratt School of Engineering as either a first-year or transfer applicant, please discuss why you want to study engineering and why you would like to study at Duke. (150 words maximum) As you can see, the two prompts are very similar to each other. Both want to know why you want to study at Duke, although the engineering prompt does also explicitly ask you to discuss why you want to study engineering. Both prompts have the same word count limit of 150 words. What Is the Purpose of the Why Duke Essay? Why does Duke require applicants to answer this essay? What are they really looking for in your response to â€Å"why Duke†? Let’s analyze these prompts.No matter which schools you’re applying to, the â€Å"why this school† prompt is probably the most common prompt you’ll on college applications. Why? Because colleges want to see that you really want to attend their school. Students who love the school they attend and feel that it’s a good fit are more likely to accept an offer of admission, be interested in their studies, take advantage of what the school offers, and give back after they graduate. Basically, Duke and other schools which include this prompt are looking for students who will take advantage of all the unique opportunities they offer so they have the biggest impact at the school and when they’re alumni. If you show that you really love Duke and are ready to make the most of your time there, it makes admissions officers feel more confident you’re going to have a significant and positive impact on their school. If you can’t give any compelling reasons for choosing Duke or you don’t seem to have done much research on the school, that makes Duke worry that you don’t really want to attend the school and will only do the bare minimum in college, without having much of an impact during your time at Duke or afterwards.Additionally, Duke asks you to write this essay to make sure you and their school are a good fit for each other. If you use this essay to talk about majors, classes, internships, study abroad options, etc. that Duke doesn’t offer, the admissions team may be hesitant to offer you a place at Duke since it may not be the best place for you to reach your goals. Basically. the purpose of this essay is two part: Duke wants to make sure you know and value what they offer, and they also want to see how you’re going to make use of these opportunities to reach your goals for the future. What Should You Write About in Your Why Duke Essay? Because Duke has so many opportunities to offer students, there are many ways to approach this essay topic. Here's a list of potential ideas: Majors, minors, certificates, and/or classes Duke offers that you’re especially interested in. This also includes Program II, where you can design your own individual degree program. The Focus Program, which lets first-year students take classes on unique topics. Duke professors whose work you admire and with whom you’d like to study or conduct research. Duke’s Service Learning or DukeEngage programs which give students the opportunity to provide services to communities in need. Clubs or sports teams that you’d be interesting in joining. The Duke Startup Challenge which helps students who want to be entrepreneurs. Research opportunities you’d like to have (the more specific you can be, the better). Internship opportunities Duke offers. Duke students or alumni you’ve met who you admire. Financial aid opportunities Duke offers that make it possible for you to attend. In your response, you should choose about one or two reasons why you think Duke is the best school for you. For each reason, you should describe what Duke offers and connect it back to your interest and skills to show how you’re a good match for the school. For example, you could write that you’ve always been interested in global health, and you have an idea for an invention/idea that could improve global health in developing countries. You want to attend Duke to take advantage of the Duke Startup Challenge to get your product out there, then participate in DukeEngage or a similar program Duke offers to try the product out in the field. Or, you may be a mechanical engineering student who wants to work with a specific professor at Pratt and take advantage of the research opportunities Duke offers to study thermal and fluids systems. Remember to be as specific as possible to show Duke that you’ve done your research, and show both what you care about/want to do with the rest of your life and how Duke can help you get there. A note about basketball: Duke’s basketball team has an extremely dedicated fan base, and many students choose to go to Duke at least partly because they love the basketball team. However, we strongly discourage you from using this essay to discuss your love of Duke basketball. There are several reasons for this. First, many, many applicants mention the basketball team as a reason they want to attend Duke, so you won’t make your essay unique or memorable if you give the same reason most other people do. Second, Duke is foremost an academic institution, and it wants students who are dedicated to their studies. Duke classes require a lot of work, and if you give the impression that all you’ll be doing at Duke is waiting hours in line so you can be the first one in Cameron Stadium for each game, they may wonder if you’ll succeed at the school. So write about something other than the basketball team, and then once you get in, feel free to paint yourself blue an d join the other Cameron Crazies. Tips for Writing a Great Why Duke Essay No matter how you decide to answer the â€Å"Why Duke† prompt, here are four tips you should keep in mind to make sure you stand out from the crowd and show Duke that you’re a student they want to have at their school. #1: Do Your Research Before you start writing, you should know a lot about the opportunities Duke offers and why you want to go there. Here are some places to start your research: Duke website Duke majors, minors, and certificates Course catalog The Duke Chronicle (school newspaper) Duke internship opportunities Duke research opportunities Campus visit Meeting with an alum or current student Meeting with a professor #2: Be Specific From your research, you now have multiple reasons as to why Duke is a great school for you. Choose one or two of them to write about in your essay. The more specific you can be when answering the â€Å"Why Duke† prompt, the better. Don’t just say that Duke has great classes, smart professors, and an interesting student body. Most schools have that, and the people reading your essay will wonder if you’re using an identical essay for every school you’re applying to. Instead, try to mention opportunities only Duke can provide, such as specific professors, course names, extracurriculars, or research opportunities.The things you discuss should be things your other top schools don’t offer, things that really make Duke stand out. #3: Show Your Passion Duke students are a passionate bunch, and Duke wants students who care a lot about what their studies and their school. A generic statement like, â€Å"I am impressed by Duke’s strong engineering programs† doesn’t tell the school anything about you or help you stand out from other applicants. Why does the engineering program make you so excited? How do you want to use your engineering skills in the future? Write about those things instead.Showing a passion that’s unique will help differentiate you from other applicants and show Duke that you’ll take your studies seriously. #4: Make Every Word Count The 150 word limit on this essay means that it’s going to be very short, so you want to get the most out of those words. Start with an outline of your main points: why you want to go to Duke and how you’ll make the most of those opportunities at the school and after graduation, then expand from there until you hit 150 words. This isn’t the essay to tell an in-depth story about your childhood or go into flowery descriptions. Instead,make your main points strong and don’t worry about adding too many embellishments to the essay. Why Duke Essay Example Sometimes the best way to understand what a great Duke essay looks like is to look at an example. Below is a Why Duke essay example (for the Trinity school) followed by an explanation of what makes it stand out. I love many things, but learning and sports top the list. The moment I stepped onto Duke’s campus, I leaned over to my mother, gasping, and said, â€Å"Whoa,† even before beginning my tour. I was stunned to immediately see signs of my loves everywhere. My dreams of tenting in K-Ville for the annual Duke-UNC game almost made my mouth water. As for learning, the cross-disciplinary study options that Duke offers ignite my passions. I have always loved business, and as I have aged, I discovered a deep interest in education. At Duke, I saw the opportunity to combine these two interests in many ways. I would love to initiate lunches with Professor Elizabeth Garcia, whose work focuses on educational motivation, and Mark T. Brown, Director of the Management Communications Center. Exploring commonalities in business and educational spheres would be uplifting, and will engage all of my most profound interests. -Calvin Thompson What Makes This Essay Work? This essay is strong in three key ways: Shows Passion:It’s clear that this student loves Duke. From gasping at his first look at campus to his mouth almost watering at the thought of going there, he’s clearly committed to the school. Mentions Specific Details:This is a short essay, but the writer still manages to mention multiple professors, programs, and subjects Duke has that he’s interested in. That shows he did his research and definitely isn’t using the same generic essay for each school he applies to. Shows a Plan for the Future:His plans for the future (education + business) aren’t super specific, but that’s fine since most students start college don’t know exactly what they want to do in the future, and Duke doesn’t expect you to have everything figured out already. However, he has a plan to get started and see where those interests take him, which shows motivation and initiative. Summary: Writing a Great Why Duke Essay The Why Duke essay is a key part of your Duke application since it lets the school know why you want to go to Duke, what you want to get out of your time there, and how Duke will prepare you for the future. For this essay, there are two very similar prompts, and the one you answer is based on whether you’re applying to Trinity or Pratt. In 150 words or less, you need to explain why Duke is the school you want to attend. There are many ways to answer the prompt, but you should always make sure to do your research on the school, use specific examples, show your passion for the school, and make every word count. What's Next? Want to know how to answer the other Duke essay prompts?Check out our guide on the Duke essays for everything you need to know! Is Duke an Ivy League School?Learn more about the Ivy League and whether Duke is part of it by reading our guide to Ivy League schools. Want to stand apart from other Duke applicants?Learnhow to score aperfect 1600 on the SAT, so you can increase your shot at getting into the school of your dreams!

Why you should become a whaler....

Why you should become a whaler.... Nantucket- As the world turns each day different opportunities pass us by. We make choices, in which we think are best. Well I'm telling you right that whaling is the best choice to make.You are a man in the business of entrepreneurship, am i right? And if you are in a rut and have you ran out of ideas for new business ventures? Then why not try a hand at whaling? What would you have to lose?A lot, if you let this opportunity pass you by. Why, it could be the costliest opportunity cost of your life. Think about it, make tons of money on a sure-fire bet such as whaling or waste all your time and money on a venture that has no real good outcome for the future. Be a smart businessman and get the money you deserve.But still, remember one thing, you have to spend money to make money.Whale watchingAll you have to do is throw a little money towards the cost of the boat, a little more for provision, and a little more for the cost of labor and you're all set. In a couple of years the money yo u've invested into those stuff could double even triple from the original amount.Now whales are very scarce and hard to come by, because they are dying out, but that makes them all that much more valuable.

How to Test Baking Powder and Baking Soda for Freshness

How to Test Baking Powder and Baking Soda for Freshness Baking powder and baking soda lose their effectiveness over time, which can ruin your baking. Heres how to test baking powder and baking soda to make sure they are still good. Key Takeaways: Baking Powder and Baking Soda Freshness Baking powder and baking soda have a shelf life. Over time, these kitchen chemical lose their ability to make baked goods rise.You can test baking powder by mixing a small amount with a bit of hot water. Bubbles should be produced.You can test baking soda by mixing it with a few drops of lemon juice or vinegar. It should produce bubbles.Store baking powder and baking soda in a sealed container. Exposure to humidity eventually deactivates them. How to Test Baking Powder Baking powder is activated by a combination of heat and moisture. Test baking powder by mixing 1 teaspoon of baking powder with 1/3 cup hot water. If the baking powder is fresh, the mixture should produce lots of bubbles. Be sure to use warm or hot water; cold water will not work for this test. How to Test Baking Soda Baking soda is meant to produce bubbles when mixed with an acidic ingredient. Check baking soda by dripping a few drops of vinegar or lemon juice onto a small amount (1/4 teaspoon) of baking soda. The baking soda should bubble vigorously. If you dont see a lot of bubbles, its time to replace your baking soda. Baking Powder Baking Soda Shelf Life Depending on the humidity and how well the container is sealed, you can expect an opened box of baking powder or baking soda to retain its activity for a year to 18 months. Both products last longest if they are stored in cool, dry locations. High humidity can lessen the effectiveness of these leavening agents much more quickly. Its a good idea to test baking powder and soda before using them, just to be sure they are still good. The test is quick and simple and can save your recipe!

Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Questions - Coursework Example However, sales people do face challenges in the course of their work. For instance, a salesperson promises to deliver goods to a customer in two days. In this case, a promise has been made, and it is either be kept or broken by the company’s distribution department. When the promise is broken, many people in the society have a perception that sales persons are dishonest. Members of the society have had bad experiences with personal selling, as they perceive sales people as annoying and over aggressive. A marketing mix is a method used by sales people to market their goods and services. The marketing mix is important when determining a brand’s offer. There are four P’s that are associated with marketing mix: product, price, Place and Promotion. The marketing mix is used to optimize the promotional tactics and advertising mix to increase sales. The selling act fits into the marketing mix through advertising, for instance, one has to ensure that the products meets the ideal 4 Ps for them to meet high demand in the market (Martin, 2009). Cold canvassing method is a traditional method used in selling process. It refers to the first call made to a potential customer. One of the major disadvantages of cold canvassing is that scammers have also used it, an element that has led to an escalation in fraud. Cold canvassing is perceived to be annoying by the customers, and this method might not attract success in businesses. Further, one may fail to get the best-qualified candidates for a certain post. Additionally, it may consume more time to convince potential employees. To achieve success in sales, the salesperson must first set goals and objectives and focus on achieving the goals after every sales call. Sales calls without clear outline objectives are wastage of time and company’s resources. It is important for a sales person to establish objectives to determine the

In Pursuit of an Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In Pursuit of an Education - Essay Example The modern society is experiencing a sharp decline in higher education. The significant decline is often accrued to a number of factors such as the high fees, prevalent student debt coupled with the declining financial and educational returns. Arguably, the societal perception regarding education has changed with a significant number fostering the belief that education is not a good investment. The present education policy also fails to attract qualified, motivated teachers thus limiting the quality of education (Gordon â€Å"The Great Stagnation†). Resultantly, the decline in higher education is a compelling problem in the community that poses a serious threat to the society. The decline in higher education is problematic as it negatively impacts the country’s economy, development, and societal well-being. First, students who are unable to complete their education tend to end up with lower wages. Furthermore, students who end up failing to complete their education end up unable to break even in terms of student debt. Overall, the failure to achieve quality education limits the country’s ability to compete successfully on a global scale. Consequentially, the global position of the country declines as it is unable to compete in terms of technological advancements and development in every aspect of life. In the speech, the 1st lady point out that it is through education that individuals can participate as full citizens of the country (Obama 288). This is because education increases the opportunity for a better job.

Webmonkey 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Webmonkey 2 - Essay Example The weightage given to each of the respective users mentioned above would be such that the portal would be accessed 85% by students, mainly current students. Then around 14% of the site’s usage would be by the course instructors and facilitators and lastly the parents of prospective students may access the site for information acquisition. This last accessing of the website would be about 1% of the site’s total access. The students would attempt to pursue information regarding the structure of programs and their respective course outlines. The details regarding the credit structure of the courses and their prospective time tables can also be pursued by prospective students. The current students would attempt to pursue their existing course enrollment possibilities by searching the list of courses there are eligible to take or those which are being offered to them. Moreover, the learning portal for the enrolled courses and the access to the virtual library would also be via the proposed system. The financial profile of the current students as well as their fee payment history would also be maintained as part of the current user profile menu and can be accessed whenever required by the students. The BSITM proposed website would be accessible to the students who have passed out. The history of their study tenure, the issuance of transcript and online library access would be available to such students. The Instructors would be handling the lecture disposition and assignment/quiz postings by students on the BSITM portal. The Instructors may even become a part of the online group discussions regarding their active courses. Other websites having similar domain topics like BSITM need to be evaluated for architectural strength. This would eventually create proper awareness of what other websites are up to. Browsing already done work often results in better thought streaming and enables generation of even better thoughts for

How does the power of the media affect Chance, and how does his Essay

How does the power of the media affect Chance, and how does his consumption of media affect itself - Essay Example Chance is a total product of this broadcasting style, and as such is the darling of the televised world as it feeds on the incestual nature of the meaningless clich. The constant and total exposure to television had left Chance existing in a world that in fact did not exist. Chance can turn the world on and off as he wishes. We see in his thoughts the ethereal quality of his world when he muses, "As long as one didn't look at people, they did not exist. They began to exist, as on TV, when one turned ones eyes on them." (14). The world, like television, did not exist if it wasn't being watched. Chance did not exist, except when viewed by the few servants of the house and then only in brief encounters. The death of the Old Man would change all that. He would now go out into the public and be viewed and in doing so would be brought into existence. His persona would be the barren mind of inane comments and meaningless chatter. Television, like the people it has molded, would be anxious to attach deep meaning to the most baseless comments. The self-promoting arrogance of television purports to know what should be important and feeds the public a steady diet of sound bites. Viewers, wishing to not be seen as uninformed and uneducated are quick to attach meaning to almost anything. Chance's repetition of other people's words is enough to make him seem interested and interesting. Chance is the ambiguity that television needs to satisfy a diverse audience fed on hyperbole. As EE thought of Chance, she noted, "From the beginning, she noticed the meticulous care he took to insure that nothing he said to her or to anyone else was definite enough to reveal what he thought of her or of anyone or, indeed, of anything" (75). Chance, like television could be nothing at all and in doing so would seem to be all things to all people. This is where television excels and this is what Chance brings to the world and the notoriety that it brings with it. The mystery that lies behind the elusive and vacant mind of Chance has made him all the more interesting. Like the television he knows, his remarks, or lack of them, are viewed with an air of inquisitiveness. The sense that he was an important man makes his comments seem worthy, and tycoons, politicians, and viewers are eager to attach meaning in an attempt to elevate their own self worth. The mystery of this elusiveness is shown by EE's interest in Chance as she remarks, "Do you know that you're very brainy, very cerebral, really Chauncey, that you want to conquer the woman from within her own self,[...]" (79). Chance, like television, is all things to all people by being absolutely nothing at all. It is this sense of mystery that lulls the crowd into a seductive state of desire as viewers are treated to experts and pundits. We are told that the information is credible, yet we make of it what we will, each for our own purpose. Television feeds on this phenomena just as it celebrates Chance's meaningless musings as deep-seated wisdom of a financial guru. Speaking about the only subject he knows, gardening, television is able to attach a misplaced meaning to his words. Chance tells the host, "It's a good garden and a healthy one; its trees are healthy and so are its shrubs and flowers, as long as they are

Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life - Essay Example Practical intelligence appears to be the ability that individuals employ to find the best fit among themselves and the requirements of the environment. Research illustrates that general intelligence performs a vital role in several valued life products. Besides academic achievements, IQ associates to some level with job presentation, socioeconomic improvement – phase of education, occupation, etc, and also "social pathology" - poverty, adult criminality, dependence on welfare, unemployment, etc. IQ and general intelligence show a relationship highly with school presentation as well as job performance, less so with work-related prestige, reasonably with income, and to a small level with law-abiding behavior. IQ does not explicate the inheritance of economic standing and wealth. To measure practical intelligence, researchers rely on a perception called unspoken knowledge (Sternberg et al., 2000). The characteristics of this knowledge are: it is procedural rather than factual, which signifies it is knowledge with regards to how to do something rather than knowledge regarding something; it is frequently learned without the assistance of others or clear instruction; it is knowledge regarding things that are personally significant towards the learner. People who are more experienced at acquiring tacit knowledge, do better in a diversity of fields counting business management, sales, academic psychology, as well as military leadership. Verbal intelligence is the capacity to investigate information and resolve problems using language-based analysis. Verbal or linguistic intelligence is in charge for the production of language along with all the intricate possibilities that follow, including hilarity, poetry, grammar, storytelling, metaphors, similes, symbolic thinking, abstract reasoning, conceptual patterning, and obviously, the written word. Verbal or linguistic intelligence is stimulated by the spoken word; by reading someone's thoughts or poetry; and by writing one's personal ideas, thoughts or even poetry.  Ã‚  

How does the power of the media affect Chance, and how does his Essay

How does the power of the media affect Chance, and how does his consumption of media affect itself - Essay Example Chance is a total product of this broadcasting style, and as such is the darling of the televised world as it feeds on the incestual nature of the meaningless clich. The constant and total exposure to television had left Chance existing in a world that in fact did not exist. Chance can turn the world on and off as he wishes. We see in his thoughts the ethereal quality of his world when he muses, "As long as one didn't look at people, they did not exist. They began to exist, as on TV, when one turned ones eyes on them." (14). The world, like television, did not exist if it wasn't being watched. Chance did not exist, except when viewed by the few servants of the house and then only in brief encounters. The death of the Old Man would change all that. He would now go out into the public and be viewed and in doing so would be brought into existence. His persona would be the barren mind of inane comments and meaningless chatter. Television, like the people it has molded, would be anxious to attach deep meaning to the most baseless comments. The self-promoting arrogance of television purports to know what should be important and feeds the public a steady diet of sound bites. Viewers, wishing to not be seen as uninformed and uneducated are quick to attach meaning to almost anything. Chance's repetition of other people's words is enough to make him seem interested and interesting. Chance is the ambiguity that television needs to satisfy a diverse audience fed on hyperbole. As EE thought of Chance, she noted, "From the beginning, she noticed the meticulous care he took to insure that nothing he said to her or to anyone else was definite enough to reveal what he thought of her or of anyone or, indeed, of anything" (75). Chance, like television could be nothing at all and in doing so would seem to be all things to all people. This is where television excels and this is what Chance brings to the world and the notoriety that it brings with it. The mystery that lies behind the elusive and vacant mind of Chance has made him all the more interesting. Like the television he knows, his remarks, or lack of them, are viewed with an air of inquisitiveness. The sense that he was an important man makes his comments seem worthy, and tycoons, politicians, and viewers are eager to attach meaning in an attempt to elevate their own self worth. The mystery of this elusiveness is shown by EE's interest in Chance as she remarks, "Do you know that you're very brainy, very cerebral, really Chauncey, that you want to conquer the woman from within her own self,[...]" (79). Chance, like television, is all things to all people by being absolutely nothing at all. It is this sense of mystery that lulls the crowd into a seductive state of desire as viewers are treated to experts and pundits. We are told that the information is credible, yet we make of it what we will, each for our own purpose. Television feeds on this phenomena just as it celebrates Chance's meaningless musings as deep-seated wisdom of a financial guru. Speaking about the only subject he knows, gardening, television is able to attach a misplaced meaning to his words. Chance tells the host, "It's a good garden and a healthy one; its trees are healthy and so are its shrubs and flowers, as long as they are