Chromatography

Student work Amal Al-HamdaniTeacher name Alia AlfiGroup name 2Year 2018Chromatographyisa physical regularity utilise in labforseparation ofa mixing of chemical substance substances into its undivided components, so that the individual components give the bounce be thoroughly raisevassd.it has legion(predicate) applications inbiologicalandchemicalfields.itis widely used inbiochemicalresearch for the separation and identification ofchemical compoundsof biological origin.Chromatographyconsists of two buildamobile form(a liquid or a gas), whichf number ones throughthe nonmovingphase, and astationaryphase(a solid) .the stationary phase has certain physical and chemical characteristic that allow it to interact in various ways with different compound .A common types ofstationaryphaseare ion exchange chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, liquid Chromatographyetc.Gas ChromatographyGas Chromatography(GC)or,gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)is a usefultooltechniqu ethat, allows us to sepa dictate and identify individual components in the mixture.also, Gas Chromatographycan mea for sure the concentrationof various components in the mixture for consumes that have volatilecomponentsand,sepa post mixtureby adhesion to a bug out.Method 3590925369570000 A gas chromatograph uses a flow-through narrow thermionic valve known as the column, through which different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas stream (carrier gas, mobile phase) at different rates dep give noticeing on their various chemical and physical properties and their fundamental interaction with a specific column filling, called the stationary phase. As the chemicals back up the end of the column, they are detected and identified electronically.The function of the stationary phase in the column is to separate different components, causing each one to exit the column at a different time ( guardianship time). Other parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of r etention are the carrier gas flow rate, For example, internal standards it is commonly used way inGas Chromatography to calculatetheconcentration of an analyte. for whatsoever special(a) detector, the copulation response factor for theanalyte comparedto theinternal standards must be unconquerable first. calibrating the linearity of the response factor for theanalyte comparedto theinternal standards requires making a serial publication of the solutions with the same concentration of the standards, and a varying concentration of analyte.Plotting the response of the analyze relative to the standard (peak area of analyte/peak area of standards) versus the concentration of the analyte relative to the standard (analyte/ standard) should produce a straight -line graph whose slope in the response factor.C+O2? CO2 +heatThis is a agile reply and there a lot of physical method to dull down and stop fast receptions for example crimsonucing the temperature at which a reaction occurs i.e . cool things down.adding a reagent which will react with the remaining reactantUsing reagents that have a small surface area i.e. the substance is in large lumps.Using a catalyst the redress catalyst can slow down the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.The rate of reaction for a concentrated starchy acid with a concentrated strong base is most alter by what three things the use of a catalyst, a change in temperature, a change in reactant concentration.We are going to use temperature temperature unremarkably speed the reaction and it also slow it down by sound the it because the rate and the temperature has a Positive relationship so if temperature is high the reaction speed increase and if the temperature is low the reaction speed decrease and that is correspond tovant Hoffs truth,an increase in temperature will cause an increase in the rate of an endothermic reaction.The outlet of the temperature can be explained by the fact that change magnitude temperature will m ove the particles at higher speeds and the impact of the collisions leading to the interaction is large, which increases the speed of the reactionand also, at higher temperatures, higher percentages of collisions produce a chemical reaction because higher percentages of molecules have greater velocity, and enough energy is obtainable to react.Explanatory examples tell the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reaction rateIncreased temperature helps to speed the maturity of food.Increasing the pressure in the pressure vessels leads to an increase in temperature inside the so the food is cooked very quickly.Keeping food in the icebox help not to spoil it because the temperature of the refrigerator is low, and this leads to a decrease in the speed of geochemical reactions that cause food corruption.The temperature change in the chemical equilibrate reaction, leading to the interaction in the opposite focal point, which cancels the effect of this change interlingual renditi on In the case of heat-reactive reactionsI- rubyuce the temperatureThe interaction is facilitated in the direction that reduces the effect of big(p) the temperature (which reduces the effect of this effect), ie, the reaction in the direction that causes the increase in temperature is the stochastic directionII-when face lift the temperature.The interaction in the direction that reduces the effect of raising the temperature (which reduces the effect of this effect) is facilitated by the interaction in the direction that causes the temperature reduction and is the reverse direction So, in the reaction I did chose it is a exothermic so when we raising the temperature it will slow down the reaction because it is exothermic and when it dose slow down the molecules in the reaction will be slower in moving and the collisions and if it was endo thermic the opposite will happen. And we cannot calculate the rate law because it is experimentally calculated so we can only write the rate low for the reaction C+O2? CO2 +heat Rate lowReferencesPage 1 Gas Chromatography. Linde AG. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012. Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harris, Daniel C. (1999).24. Gas Chromatography. vicenary chemical analysis (Chapter) (Fifth ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. pp.675712. ISBN0-7167-2881-8.Page 2ChromatographySearch the web. Some evoke sites are listed below. zero(prenominal)e that some of these sites go into untold more learning than is reasonable for this course. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chromatography http//ull. chemistry. uakron. edu/analytical/Chromatography/ http//orgchem. wileado. edu/hndbksupport/TLC/TLC. html this is for TLC similar to story http//users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma. ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromatography_ newspaper publisher. html http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCESoft/Programs/CPL/Sample/modules/paprchrom/paprchromdesc. htm http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCESoft/Programs/CPL/Sample/modu les/paprchrom/paprchromdesc. tm This site shows the color of many of the food colorings and lakes http//www. dynemic. com/food%20colour. htm This site has colors and correct names for many of the colors. You can get the structures from the names with CRC or a exhaustively organic chemist. http//vm. cfsan. fda. gov/lrd/colorfac. html this is a general site with information on food colorings discusses difference between dyes and lakes Procedure Extract the color from the candies 1. adjudicate each of the beakers with one color of the candy. 2. step forward one sample in each cup. 3. Put as few drops of water as viable (around 5) in each cup. 4.Stir carefully to extract as much color as possible without disturbing the sinlessness coating or the centre of the candy. 5. Remove the sample as soon as the white coating appears. 6. Add each sample in turn to its leave cup until as much color has been extracted as possible. Note fictionalise the steps for each kind of candy. Be sur e to include the color and kind of candy on your label. Prepare chromatogram 1. Cut a order of chromatography paper in half to form a rectangle with dimensions 10 cm x 20 cm. 2. Draw a line approximately 1 cm from the long edge of the paper with a pencil. 3. Mark dots along the pencil line approximately 1-1. cm apart and label as food dye colors yellow, green, blue, and red. Mark two additional dots for your filling of two different colored candies. 4. Using a toothpick, carefully steamed the spots you have marked with the appropriate food color or the color extracted from your candy. As the spots dry, rewet them with more sample until you have a dark spot. (If you do not load enough sample onto the chromatographical paper it will be difficult to detect the spots. ) 5. Curl the paper into a cylinder with the short edges just touching and staple together. 6. Place the chromatogram into a beaker with approximately ? m of response on the bottom. Be sure that the entire lower edge of the chromatogram is touching the outcome, but the solvent does not reach above the pencil line. Allow the chromatogram to sit in the beaker until the solvent front is 1 cm from the top of the paper and remove. Draw a line at the solvent front with your pencil. 7. Repeat this process for any additional solvents you wish to use. Analysis of chromatogram. 1. Circle each spot that you soak up on the chromatogram. 2. measure the distance between the head start point and the essence of the spot for each component on your chromatogram 3. easure the distance between the starting point and the solvent front on your chromatogram 4. Calculate the Rf economic value for each component. 5. Draw conclusions regarding the identity of each component in the chromatogram. 6. give notice reasons why different components had higher or lower Rf determine based on the structures below and your knowledge of intermolecular forces. Colors ProductRed yellowed reverse lightningBlue top Colony KitBlue 1 Red 3 Red 40 icteric 5 scandalmongering 6Blue 1 Yellow 5Blue 1 Crown Colony SinglesRed 40Yellow 5 Red 40Blue 1&8212 DurkeeBlue 1 Red 3 Red 40Yellow 5Blue 1 Yellow 5Blue 1 McCormickRed 3 Red 40Yellow 5Yellow 40Blue1 Yellow 5Blue 1 Red 40 FDA Certifiable colors (name/common name) NameCommon nameComment FD&038C Blue No. 1Brilliant Blue FCF FD&038C Green No. 3Fast Green FCF FD&038C Red No. 3Erythrosine FD&038C Red No. 40Allura Red AC . It usually comes as a sodium salt, but can be also in the form of calcium and potassium salt. It is oil-soluble in water. FD&038C Yellow No. 5Tartrazine FD&038C Yellow No. 6Sunset Yellow FCF Questions 1. Does the type of solvent used for paper chromatography affect the Rf values of the food dyes? 2. Which dye molecules were in your candy coating? 3. If the solvent front moved 112 mm and a component of a mixture moved 48 mm