One to one communication interaction Essay Example for Free

One to one communication interaction Essay In this activity, I will be carrying out two interactions, one with an individual and one with a group of service users. For my individual interaction I have chosen to work with a service user from my workplace. I am a social tutor working with deaf and blind adults. I will take an activity with a group of young children in a local school for my group interaction. After these interactions have taken place, I will look at and discuss the types of communication skills shown, and I will also describe the interpersonal interaction that occurred. Communication with other people involves a process that most of us take for granted. We need to pass information using a form of code from one individual to another. A code is a communication system, which contains elements, which all individuals will understand. This could be verbal, non-verbal i.e. body language, Braille, sign language, writing, pictures or even music to convey a message (CCMS, 2006). We need to express our thoughts to another person using methods of communication. The other person thinks about our communication and responds. We then check the response, whether the communication has been correctly interpreted, and if not we need to clarify our communication. Gerard Egan (1986) states that the goal of listening is understanding. (Moonie, 2005) see more:describe the impact the behaviours of carers and others may have on an individual with dementia I had chosen to work with a male service user, a resident at my workplace. I will refer to this service user as Mr A throughout this report, to protect his identity. This is important, as confidentiality is a basic human right. Law protects confidentiality through the Data Protection Act 1988, and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Maintaining confidentiality also forms part of the Care Standards Act 2000, and staff in health and social care are expected to work within the boundaries of confidentiality. Before I undertook my individual interaction, I gave some thought to how I could get as much conversation as possible. Mr A has very limited sight and good hearing. He has a pair of glasses but does not like to wear them. He also has learning disabilities, which makes his ability to respond verbally quite difficult. As I know Mr A well, I will use informal conversation, also a formal interview would not be appropriate due to Mr As conversational skills. Informal is defined as without ceremony or formality; relaxed and friendly. (Chambers, 2007) Taking this into account I thought of a few questions, which would be easy for him to respond to. I had open questions in my head, such as what are you doing today what would you like for breakfast and how was your evening. Using open questions, I hoped to encourage conversation and interaction between us. Closed questions, which only require a yes or no answer, would not be productive to this activity, however due to Mr As disabilities I may have to use closed questions at times. As I have worked with Mr A for two years, I already have a good relationship with him. Mr A requires a lot of support with his personal needs, but likes to be as independent as possible. Talking to other staff, reading Mr As care plan and observations I have made during the time I have worked with Mr A has allowed me to build up a good relationship with him, and knowledge of how he likes to communicate. I know when to offer support, and Mr A appears to like me. Mr A makes it quite clear when he is unhappy by shouting. On Tuesday 19th December 2006 at 9am I went to my workplace. The weather was dull and cold outside. Mr A was sat in his usual chair in the living room. He had his arms relaxed by his side, and one knee across the other. There was one other service user in the room, and the radio was on low. The radio is always on for Mr A; he likes to listen to either the radio or the television at all times. Another member of staff was also in the living room writing up paper work. The temperature was warm, the room was well lit but not too bright and the atmosphere was calm. Mr A appeared relaxed. My body language was relaxed, and I smiled and said good morning to Mr A, and he said yeah in response. He shuffled around in his chair at little as he spoke to me. I sat in a chair in close proximity to Mr A so that he would be able to hear me clearly above any background noise, and know where I was location to him as he has very limited sight. Mr A needs a lot of help with his needs, and he is comfortable with carers in his personal space. I sat relaxed, with my body turned towards Mr A, my arms leaning across my knees. I made sure I looked at Mr A so when I spoke to him he would know I was making as much eye contact as possible. Mr A does not make eye contact with anybody, he tends to look down towards his knees and occasionally look up towards the centre of the room. Although Mr A was not making eye contact with me, I felt it important to maintain contact, as I may be able to guess his thoughts and feelings by looking at his eyes. Mr A settled back into his chair and his body posture was relaxed. With my voice at a calm slow pitch I said who is it Mr A, Mr A said Sarah been on days too long. This is an affectionate term for Mr A. I responded with yes I think it is time I had a holiday and Mr A laughed and said its time you did. I laughed with Mr A to show I found his remark amusing. He shuffled around a little in his chair again. I continued to talk to Mr A in a varying tone to ensure my voice sent a friendly message. I asked Mr A how he was feeling today and he said yeah. I asked him if he was feeling poorly and he said didnt say that, so I asked him if he was feeling well. Mr A responded yeah. By maintaining eye contact and looking interested, I assured Mr A that I was actively listening. Mr As receptive language is very good however his expressive language is very limited. In order to find out something from Mr A I have to clarify what it is I want to know. By asking if he felt poorly or well first I knew from experience that Mr A would respond didnt say that to the wrong one. I paraphrased what I had asked, reflecting back on the question to ensure I had understood what Mr A was telling me. I touched Mr A on the arm and told him that I was pleased he felt well. I felt touch was appropriate in this instance, however I recognise that this is not always the case. I asked Mr A if he would like some breakfast, and he responded yeah. He got up from the chair and made his way to the dining table. Mr A is very good at finding his way around the house and does not like being guided. By not intervening until Mr A asks for help, I am empowering him. This gives Mr A a feeling of confidence and higher self esteem. He sat down in his usual place. I asked him if it was ok to put an apron on him, he responded yeah and lifted his arms up so I could tie the apron. It is important to offer choice to Mr A as this empowers him further. Mr A has muscle wastage in his right arm and has very little use of it. He eats well out of a specially designed bowl and a special spoon using his left hand. Mr A is unable to put cereal or milk into the bowl himself, or to spread toast or make drinks. He requires someone to do this for him. I asked Mr A what he would like for breakfast. Mr A responded not much. This is a typical response so I asked whether he would like Weetabix or Shreddies. This again ensured Mr A had a choice. Mr A answered Weetabix. Mr A will most often copy the last thing a person says, so I encourage his responses by saying the cereal he has every morning first. After Mr A had finished his Weetabix I asked him if he would like any toast and he said yeah. I then asked Mr A if he would like marmite on his toast. Mr A responded didnt say that and shuffled around in his chair, indicating to me that he was not very happy. His body language became defensive as he turned away from me. With my voice at a calm slow pitch I asked Mr A if he would like jam on his toast (which he always has) and Mr A said yeah. I used this tone of voice to calm the situation. Mr A then relaxed and turned back towards the sound of my voice. The questions used at this point were closed because I know that Mr A has little expressive language so at times this is unavoidable. I thought I would offer Mr A a drink at this point so I asked him what he would like to drink. Mr A answered tea, so I went and made him a cup of tea. After he had finished the tea he stood up and made his way to the kitchen with his cup. He removed his apron and held it out to me. I asked Mr A what he wanted me to do with the apron and he responded rubbish so I took the apron and threw it in the bin. Mr A then made his way back to his chair in the lounge. He sat down and crossed his legs, tapping his foot to the song on the radio. I sat back down in the chair close to Mr A, again with my body posture relaxed. I asked Mr A if I could turn off the radio and talk. Mr As muscle tone became rigid and he started shouting thats stupid over and over again. I waited a moment until he calmed down and stopped shouting, and then, using a calm, quiet tone of voice, I said we can talk with the radio on low and Mr A responded yeah. I asked Mr A what he had done yesterday evening. Mr A did not respond, so I waited a few moments before I asked if he had been busy yesterday after tea. Mr A said not much. I asked him I if he had been out and he said no. I asked him if he had listened to the TV or the radio, Mr A answered TV times which means he listened to the TV. Mr A was shuffling gently in his chair as he spoke to me and he seemed very relaxed. He uncrossed his legs and crossed them the other way so he was facing towards me even more. I was still sat in the same relaxed position, with my arms resting on my knees, turned towards Mr A as much as possible. I asked Mr A what he would be doing today, again Mr A responded not much. I asked him if he was going out and he said dont know about it, I said to Mr A that he would have to think about it and see how he felt later. I told Mr A that I was going to put my feet up for the rest of the day and do no work. Mr A laughed at me and said she does that sometimes! I asked Mr A if he had enjoyed talking to me this morning and he answered yeah. I touched Mr A on the arm again and said goodbye. Mr A responded Yeah and continued to tap his foot. I felt the interaction went very well. Mr A responded very well in conversation, and I feel that was due to the factors involved. The location was quiet, warm and calm. Mr A was seated in an environment he is very comfortable with. Mr A appeared comfortable with the proximity, that is, the fact I have to be very close to him, in his personal space. This is due to his personal difficulties, and his need for support with a lot of his personal needs. As he is quite an elderly gentleman, he has relied on carers being very close to him and helping him do things his whole life and seems very comfortable with this. If the support offered to Mr A is more than he wishes for, he quickly becomes very angry. At no time did Mr A appear to be unhappy with the support I gave him. During the interaction, Mr A was not able to see my body language due to his visual disability, however I sat close to him and faced him at all times so he would be aware that I was listening fully. Mr As body language was good throughout most of the interaction, he leant towards me and his muscle tone was relaxed. My body language was relaxed throughout the interaction, both when seated and when assisting Mr A with his breakfast. Mr A does not use hand gestures when he speaks, mostly due to his muscle wastage in his right arm. At one point when I asked him if he would like marmite on his toast, he exhibited a little negative body language by turning away from me. When I suggested turning off the radio Mr As muscle tone became very rigid and he shouted at me. This was an indicator that Mr A was very unhappy with the suggestion and wanted the radio left on. The radio was turned down low and did not hamper the conversation in any way as we could clearly hear each other. My conversation with Mr A was informal. This is because I know Mr A very well so do not need to speak to him in a formal manner. I gave Mr A appropriate lengths of time to respond to my questions, and I listened carefully to his answers. By giving Mr A time to respond to my questions, I ensured that he had time to think about what I was asking, and formulate the correct response. I followed up by responding to his answers with appropriate further conversation. At one point I had to clarify a question by changing it from asking what he had done yesterday evening to if he had been busy yesterday after tea. By asking the question in a different way I was checking that Mr A had fully understand what information I required from him. This in turn encouraged Mr A to respond when maybe he did not wish to, or maybe did not understand the question. Mr A is a person who likes to be as independent as possible. He appreciates when I understand his needs and what he is trying to tell me. Throughout my interaction with Mr A I used empathy at all times. Empathy is a persons awareness of the emotional state of another person and their ability to share an experience with them (Richards, 2003, p.121). I was aware of Mr As emotional state and my ability to build an understanding. On two occasions I touched Mr As arm briefly to show friendliness and compassion. I feel Mr A was very responsive to our interaction and I was very happy with how it went. I think that given Mr As verbal disabilities I engaged him in a good conversation, listened well and used correct techniques to aid this. I also provided him with the correct amount of support during his breakfast. The other staff member present in the room was my deputy manager. I asked her to complete a witness statement for my to say I had completed an interaction with Mr A. She agreed to this. I also asked her for feedback on the techniques I had used, and how she felt the interaction went. She told me that I had engaged Mr A well. When Mr A is listening to the radio he doesnt always want to talk. He responded that he was happy to talk to me with the radio turned down low. She said Mr A appeared very relaxed and seemed to enjoy talking to me. He was also happy to go to the dining table and let me assist him in getting some breakfast. When asked, Mr A said he had enjoyed talking to me. He also appeared to be happy with the support I offered him when getting his breakfast. As he can become angry quite easily when offered too much support, I also felt this was good feedback.

Vegetable Oils Determining Degree Of Unsaturation And Viscosity Biology Essay

Vegetable Oils Determining Degree Of Unsaturation And Viscosity Biology Essay Oil is an integral part of everyones life. Life without oil is not possible, especially in cooking. But there is a limit to which how much oil can be used for the purpose of cooking. The health factors have to be considered. There are different types of oil that are used for cooking and eating purposes. But how many of them are actually safe for health? How many of them do not cause any health problems like high cholesterol etc which in turn leads to diseases like heart attacks? This topic is definitely worthy for investigation because a lot can be found out by determining the iodine number of different oils. For example, the degree of unsaturation is the main thing that can be found out by performing the experiment of Iodine Value. From the degree of unsaturation, we can determine the boiling points of the oils and their effect on the human body. Though my experiment is only for four oils, namely, mustard oil, olive oil, coconut oil and canola oil, there is great scope for investigation even in these oils. The main purpose of this investigation is to establish the relationship between the degree of unsaturation in the oil and the viscosity of the oil Vegetable or Cooking oil is used on an everyday basis. Vegetable oil is purified fat of plant origin which is liquid at room temperature.There are many different kinds of vegetable oils, some of them are: Olive oil, Sunflower oil, Soybean oil, Sesame oil, Coconut oil, Peanut oil, Corn oil etc. Fats and oils are esters of triglycerols and fatty acids. When an oil is unsaturated, it means that the fatty acids consist of a long chain hydrocarbon that have carbon-carbon double bonds. The degree of unsaturation can be determined by finding out the amount of mass that is used to overcome the carbon-carbon double bonds.The amount of iodine that reacts is used to find the iodine number of the oil and this is used to indicate the degree of unsaturation in the oil. The higher the iodine number the greater the unsaturation. Unsaturated oils are less stable than saturated oils. They keep less well than the saturated oils. This is because the carbon carbon double bond in the unsaturated oils react with the oxygen in the air. This may lead to discolouration to the surface of the oil, decrease in the nutrient oil and they also lead to rancidity. They are more prone to hydrogenation and to hydrolysis. Oils are very important to our body, they provide energy because they contain proportionately less oxygen than carbohydrates and they release more energy when they are oxidised.They also provide the structural components of the cell membrane. They also help in the production of steroid hormones like progesterone and testosterone. Unsaturated oils are very harmful to health. They damage the immune system, cause hormonal imbalances and many other problems. They pose a major health risk. Unsaturated oils get rancid when exposed to air; that is called oxidation, Free radicals are produced in the process. This process is accelerated at higher temperatures. The free radicals produced in this method react with parts of cells, such as molecules of DNA and protein and may become attached to those molecules, causing abnormalities of structure and function. The greater the degree of unsaturation of the oil, the better it is for the body. This is because, as mentioned above, the greater the degree of unsaturation the lower the melting point. The average body temperature of the human body is around 98.8.F. Any oil below this temperature is extremely good for the body. This is because the oil wont linger in the stomach for a very long time, because if it stays in the stomach for a very long time, then it can make the body sick. Also, oils below this temperature helps in dissolving the fat that is already present in the body instead of further accumulating the amount of fat in the body. These oils do not clog up the arteries and they do not become hostile plaques. If the oil has less degree of unsaturation or is saturated, then it has a higher melting point, this is because the Vander Waal forces are stronger when compared to the oils that have a greater degree of unsaturation. This would require more energy to overcome the intermolecular forces causing a higher melting point. Now, since the oil will have to burn at a higher temperature, the body temperature has to rise to above the average body temperature to that specific temperature. If it does not reach to that particular temperature for the oil to burn, it can cause indigestion and clogged arteries. They help raise a persons high density lipoproteins (HDL). HDL carries cholesterol from the blood back to the liver. The liver then breaks down the cholesterol so that it can be eliminated from the body. This helps the excess cholesterol from being deposited in the arteries. Word Count: 572 EXPERIMENT A- DETERMINING THE IODINE VALUE OF THE OILS Design 2.1.1 Aim: Finding the iodine number to determine the degree of unsaturation of various different vegetable oils Iodine Number: it is the measure of the degree of the unsaturation in oils and fats. It is expressed in terms of centigrams of iodine absorbed per gram of sample( percentage by weight of iodine absorbed) 2.1.2 Apparatus: Iodine Flasks, 250 ml Micro Beaker, I ml Burette, 50 ml Beakers, 250 ml 2.1.3 Chemicals Required: De ionized Water Carbon Tetrachloride Iodine monochloride(Wijs solution) Potassium Iodide solution Starch Solution Aqueous Thiosulphate standard solution 2.1.4 Oils required: Olive Oil Mustard Oil Coconut Oil Canola Oil 2.1.5 Procedure: One 250 ml iodine flask was labeled BLANK and the other iodine flask was labeled SAMPLE A sample of oil was collected in a 50 ml beaker of known weight and was weighed in an analytical weighing balance in order to obtain the weight of the oil to 4 decimal places Subsequently, 20 ml of Carbon Tetrachloride was added to the beaker, stirred and this solution was transferred to an Iodine Flask. 5 ml of Wijs Solution was transferred to the iodine flask using a microbeaker The Iodine flask was covered with an airtight lid and was kept away in the dark for 45 minutes After 45 minutes, 10 ml of Potassium Iodide solution was poured into the lid of the Iodine Flask The lid was slowly raised allowing a minimum air gap to prevent any iodine vapours formed as a result of the previous reactions, thus allowing the Potassium Iodide to drip slowly into the iodine flask 100 ml of water was added to the flask in a similar way and stirred so that the excess iodine was dissolved The solution was then titrated with Na2 ­S2O3 solution and when it turned to a straw color, approximately 5ml of starch solution was added which made the solution turn into a blue-black solution The titration was resumed drop by drop until the solution turned colorless. The volume of Na2 ­S2O3 was noted( both in the beginning of the titration and at the end of the titration) The above procedure was carried out without the oil to obtain the BLANK value The experiment was repeated thrice with the same oil The same procedure was carried out with another sample of oil Calculations Formula for the calculation for the Iodine Value of any oil Where: B Volume of Na2 ­S2O3 required for the BLANK sample S Volume of Na2 ­S2O3 required by the SAMPLE sample S Normality of the Thiosulphate Solution (N) W Mass of the oil taken (g) 2.2 DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION OLIVE OIL Initial Volume (ml) ±0.05 ml Final Volume (ml) ±0.05 ml Reading 1 0 13.9 Reading 2 0 14.3 Reading 3 0 14.1 Volume of the BLANK sample = 28.6 ml Mass of the oil = 0.2407 gm MUSTARD OIL Initial Volume (ml)  ±0.05 ml Final Volume (ml)  ±0.05 ml Reading 1 0 9.4 Reading 2 0 9.1 Reading 3 0 8.9 Volume of the BLANK sample = 28.6 ml Mass of the oil: 0.2527 gm COCONUT OIL Initial Volume (ml)  ±0.05 ml Final Volume (ml)  ±0.05 ml Reading 1 0 26.5 Reading 2 0 27.3 Reading 3 0 26.8 Volume of the BLANK sample = 28.6 ml Mass of the oil: 0.2808 gm CANOLA OIL Initial Volume (ml)  ±0.05 ml Final Volume (ml)  ±0.05 ml Reading 1 0 6.0 Reading 2 0 5.2 Reading 3 0 5.5 Volume of the BLANKsample = 28.6 ml Mass of the oil = 0.2771 gm 2.3 DATA PROCESSING OLIVE OIL Average Values Initial Volume= = 0 ml Final Volume = = 14.1 ml Calculation of the Iodine Value =78.98 MUSTARD OIL Average Values Initial Volume = = 0ml Final Volume = = 9.1 Calculation of the Iodine Value: = 101.2 COCONUT OIL Average Values Initial Volume = = 0ml Final Volume = = 26.9ml Calculation of the Iodine Value: = 9.937 CANOLA OIL Average Values Initial Volume = = 0ml Final Volume = = 5.6ml Calculation of the Iodine Value: = 108.8 Error Propagation Blank Value= 28.6 ml Error in the BLANK:  ±0.05 ml OLIVE OIL: Value of the SAMPLE: 14.1ml Error in SAMPLE :  ±0.05 ml (BLANIK-SAMPLE) = (28.6-14.1) = 14.5 ml Error in (BLANK- SAMPLE) =  ±(0.05+0.05)=  ±0.1 ml Percentage error in (BLANK SAMPLE) = 0.69% Percentage error in mass = 0.02% Therefore % error in Iodine Value: 0.02+0.69 = 0.71 % Value of Iodine Number = 78.98 Error in Iodine Number =  ±0.56 Iodine Number of Olive Oil = 78.98 ±0.56 MUSTARD OIL Value of the SAMPLE: 9.1ml Error in SAMPLE :  ±0.05 ml (BLANK-SAMPLE) = (28.6-9.1) = 19.5 ml Error in (BLANK- SAMPLE) =  ±(0.05+0.05)=  ±0.1 ml Percentage error in (BLANK SAMPLE) = 0.51% Percentage error in mass = 0.02% Therefore % error in Iodine Value: 0.02+0.51 = 0.53 % Value of Iodine Number = 101.2 Error in Iodine Number =  ±0.54 Iodine Number of Mustard Oil = 101.2 ±0.54 COCONUT OIL Value of the SAMPLE: 26.9 Error in SAMPLE :  ±0.05 ml (Blank-Sample) = (28.6-26.9) = 1.7 ml Error in (Blank- Sample) =  ±(0.05+0.05)=  ±0.1 ml Percentage error in (Blank Sample) = 5.8% Percentage error in mass = 0.02% Therefore % error in Iodine Value: 0.02+5.8 = 5.82 % Value of Iodine Number = 9.937 Error in Iodine Number =  ±0.59 Iodine Number of Olive Oil = 9.937 ±0.59 CANOLA OIL Value of the SAMPLE: 5.6ml Error in SAMPLE :  ±0.05 ml (Blank-Sample) = (28.6-5.6) = 23 ml Error in (Blank- Sample) =  ±(0.05+0.05)=  ±0.1 ml Percentage error in (Blank Sample) = 0.43% Percentage error in mass = 0.02% Therefore % error in Iodine Value: 0.02+0.43 = 0.45 % Value of Iodine Number = 108.8 Error in Iodine Number =  ±0.49 Iodine Number of Olive Oil = 108.8 ±0.49 EXPERIMENT B- DETERMINING -THE VISCOSITY OF THE VEGETABLE OILS 3.1 Design 3.1.1 Hypothesis: To determine the viscosity of the following oils: Olive Oil Canola Oil Mustard Oil Coconut oil 3.1.2 Apparatus required: Viscometer 25ml density bottle Weighing balance Pipette 3.1.3 Chemicals Required: Olive Oil- 25 ml Mustard Oil- 25 ml Canola Oil- 25 ml Coconut oil- 25ml Distilled water- 25 ml 3.2 Procedure: Part A: Determination of the Density The oils were added up to the brim of a 25 ml density bottle of a known weight. The bottle was covered using a lid. And the excess oil was dipped off from the side of the lids. The density bottle was then cleaned. The bottle and the oil together were weighed in order to get the mass of the oil that is going to be used in the process of the experiment With the help of this calculated weight and a predetermined volume of 25 ml , the density of the oil could be calculated. The above process was carried out for all the oils and the water as well Part B: Determination of time taken in order to flow down a viscometer A Viscometer consists of a U-Tube with 2 reservoirs. 100 ml of the oil was added to the opening as indicated The oil was then pipetted up on the other side until the lower meniscus reached the level marked as A. It was held at this point by using a finger which covered the opening. As soon as the finger was released the oil flowed down and the at the same time a timer was started. The oil flowed through the reservoir and as soon as the lower meniscus reached the level marked at B, the timer was stopped and the time was noted. The above procedure was carried out for all the other oils and was carried out for water as well With the help of the above data, the viscosity of the oil , relative to the viscosity of the water could be calculated. 3.3 Data Collection and Processing Density of the Samples: Name of Sample Mass of 25ml gravity bottle( ± 0.00005 g) Mass of 25 ml density bottle + sample ( ± 0.00005g) Mass of the Sample ( ±0.0005 g) Density of the sample( Mass of the sample/25) Olive Oil 17.2358 g 40.2675 23.0317 0.9213 Canola Oil 17.2358 g 40.2872 23.0514 0.9221 Mustard Oil 17.2358 g 40.0860 22.8502 0.9140 Coconut Oil 17.2358 g 40.2733 23.0375 0.9215 Water 17.2358 g 42.3569 25.1211 1.0048 Time Taken Name of the Sample Time Taken( ± 0.5 sec) Olive Oil 8659 Canola Oil 6144 Mustard Oil 7628 Coconut Oil 9952 Water 151 Calculations Formula for the calculation of the relative velocity Ã…Å  1 = D1 ÃÆ'- t1 Ã…Å  2 D2 ÃÆ'- t2 Where, Where: Ã…Å  1 = Viscosity of Oil Ã…Å  2 = Viscosity of water Clearly, Ã…Å  1 = Relative Viscosity of Oil with respect to water Ã…Å  2 D1 = Density of oil D2 = Density of water t1 = Time required for the oil to flow between 2 marked points on the viscometer t2 = Time required for water to flow between 2 marked points on the viscometer 3.4 CALCULATIONS From the above observations we can find the viscosity of the oils. Olive Oil = [0.9213  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (8659  ± 0.5) = 52.27  ± 0.2 - [1.0048  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (151  ± 0.5) Canola Oil = [0.9221  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (6144  ± 0.5) = 37.33  ± 0.2 [1.0048  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (151  ± 0.5) Mustard Oil = [0.9140  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (7628  ± 0.5) = 45.95  ± 0.2 [1.0048  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (151  ± 0.5) Coconut Oil = [0.9215  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (9952  ± 0.5) = 60.44  ± 0.2 - [1.0048  ± (2 ÃÆ'- 10-6)] ÃÆ'- (151  ± 0.5) ANALYSIS From the above graphs, we see that there is an inverse relationship shared between the degree of unsaturation and the value of the viscosity Unsaturated oils are those that have carbon carbon double bonds because it lacks hydrogen atoms. Poly unsaturated oils are those that contain more than one carbon double bond. They are also called the polyunsaturated fatty acids or PUFAs and sometimes, they are also known as Essential fatty acids The degree of unsaturation can be found out by finding out the amount of mass that is used to overcome the carbon-carbon double bonds.The amount of iodine that reacts is used to find the iodine number of the oil and this is used to indicate the degree of unsaturation in the oil. A carbon double bond consists of one à Ã†â€™ bond and one à Ã¢â€š ¬ bond. à Ã†â€™ bonds are formed by the end on interaction of the electrons in a s-orbital. When they react they produce a bond in which the electron density is at its greatest on the internuclear axis ( imaginary line joining the nuclei) and is symmetric about it. à Ã¢â€š ¬ bond is formed by the side on interaction of the electrons of the p-orbitals at right angles to the internuclear axis. This bond has low electron density on the inter nuclear axis . The electron density for this type of bond is at the highest on the sides opposite to the internuclear axis. The presence of the double bond in the hydrocarbon chain makes the short. And hence there is greater number of electrons causing greater amount of repulsive forces. This is called the Bayers strain. The more the number of double bonds the greater the strain and shorter the length of the hydrocarbon. These types of hydrocarbon chain undergo addition reactions faster when compared to those that are longer with less number of double bonds. When they undergo addition reaction they get relived of the stress and the strain causing the length of the hydrocarbon to expand. Hence, the greater mass of Iodine use, the greater the number of carbon double bonds and greater the Iodine number and greater the degree of unsaturation. Therefore, greater the iodine number greater the degree of unsaturation The carbon in the double bond is sp2 hybridized. Hence the shape is trigonal planar and the molecule comes into one plane. Therefore, the molecules in a double bonded carbon are spaced out. When the carbon bond is saturated, that is, having only single bonds, the bonds are sp3 hybridized. The shape therefore is tetrahedral and hence molecules become spread in two planes. As a result, the molecules become more tightly packed, thus becoming denser. Therefore, lesser the amount of double bonds, the more tightly it will be packed when it becomes saturated and hence it will become more denser. This brings out a relationship between the iodine value, the degree of unsaturation and the viscosity. Greater the iodine value, greater the degree of unsaturation and lower the value of the viscosity. Greater the degree of unsaturation, lower the melting point. This is because in unsaturated oils there are carbon-carbon double bonds. The presence of these double bonds makes the hydrocarbon chain less straight. This weakens the strength of the Van Der Waals forces because there is less contact between the chains. Therefore, greater the degree of unsaturation, lower the melting point. Also, unsaturated oils are less stable than those that are saturated. Therefore, greater the degree of unsaturation, the less stable it is. CONCLUSION From the above experiment and analysis, we observe various number of things. Greater the Iodine value of the oil, greater the degree of unsaturation and lower the viscosity. Using this analysis, we can say that Canola Oil has the highest iodine value, that is, and the least Viscosity value, that is . This means that Canola Oil is the safest to cook and use because it provides a lot of health benefits when compared to the sample of the other oils. Mustard oil, which has an iodine value of and Viscosity value of is the comes second in the four oils that have been used for the experiment. Olive oil, that has an iodine value of and a viscosity value of is not recommended to use because out of the four oils that are were used for the experiment this falls under the third category. Coconut oil is very hazardous for the health because its iodine value is and the viscosity value is. It is recommended not to use coconut oil for cooking purposes. Sources of Error Error might have occurred when transferring the oil from one beaker to another. This might have lead to minor errors occurring in the process of the experiment The analytical balance did measure the mass of the oil to an accuracy of four significant figures, but there were few disturbance like noise and the shaking of the table around the analytical balance that made the digit in the balance to waver between one number to another. There might be some ICl (Iodine Monochloride) left behind when it was transferred from the beaker to the Iodine Flask. After the one hour in the dark, KI was to be added to the iodine flask by opening the lid slowly and making the KI to drip slowly into the flask. During this short period where the lid of the flask was opened, there might have been chances where the iodine vapors could have escaped from the reaction in the Iodine Flask causing errors in the experiment. During the process of titration, there are chances that there was excess amount of Sodium Thiosulphate was added for the color to turn colorless. This might have caused the wrong reading being taken which in turn can lead to the wrong calculation that can increase the difference between the original Iodine value and experimentally calculated Iodine Value While measuring the amount of starch solutions, Wijs solution etc, to be added in the process of the experiment, there are chances of parallax errors that could have caused errors in the process of the experiment There are chances that the apparatus had some tiny unwanted particles that might have been mixed with the other chemicals causing errors in the experiment While measuring the volume of the sodium thiosulphate used for the experiment from the burette, there are chances that there was a tiny difference between the reading that was recorded and the actual reading. The solution f Potassium Iodide was prepared in the lab by diluting the KI powder into water. Therefore, there might have been an error in the diluting the Potassium Iodide like for example, adding extra Potassium Iodide powder or adding extra amount of water. In some of the apparatus, there were readings that were not very clear. This might have caused errors in the experiment. For the experiment to determine the Viscosity of the oils, the experiment had to be carried out in similar atmospheric conditions. There could have been variations in the chemistry lab hence leading to errors in the experiment. Evaluation: To reduce the weighing error, the sample should be weighed repeatedly. This will reduce the random errors caused because of the weighing. This will also give an accurate mass that will reduce the errors in the experiment. While transferring chemicals, care should be taken so as to avoid the chemicals from spilling Repeated measurements could have been conducted while measuring the BLANK value and the SAMPLE value. This would have reduced the random as well as systematic errors that are caused by incorrect readings and unclear readings in the apparatus. The apparatus used in the lab for the process of experimentation should be of good quality so as to minimize the errors and increase the accuracy in the experiment.

How Liberalism ideology relates to social work

How Liberalism ideology relates to social work How Liberalism ideology relates to social work practice The history and influence of Liberalism is a complex issue, and understanding social work practice involves penetrating a vast nexus of theoretical and practical socio-political factors. Nevertheless, addressing the specific question of how Liberalism relates to social work practice reveals important and distinct points for discussion. In this essay I will outline the historical developments of Liberalism and highlight the core beliefs and how they influence social work. I aim to argue that exposing the liberal ideological values inherent in social work opens up latent tensions to debate. The tensions in liberal political theory and the concomitant problems for social work don’t call for abandonment of Liberalism ideology because it has as its basis the appropriate capacity for renewal. These debates should stimulate reappraisal and reform and increase our capacity to influence the social, political and economic determinants of social care. This can be achieved due to not in spite of the underlying principles of Liberalism. The historical development of Liberalism While the editors of the Spanish Constitution in 1812 were the first to use the noun liberal in a political sense, the war of independence in America established the first nation to craft a constitution based on Liberalism. This new creed originated in the political philosophy of the previous three hundred years. Liberalism emerged from the breakdown of feudalism, the growth of market capitalism and the rise of the middle class. Liberals sought to expose the immorality of authoritarianism and limit government powers in order to safeguard civil liberties. Where early Liberals sought total non-intervention, modern liberals endorse involved governance on issues such as welfare, education and healthcare. This has led to a split between the early classical Liberalism and the modern form which dominates contemporary politics today. Nevertheless, classical and modern Liberalism share core beliefs which point to underlying principles. These principles perpetuate every aspect of contemporary life in Western political systems. Ideas such as individualism, tolerance and economic freedom are central to the western political ideology of our times. The core beliefs of Liberalism ‘As political beings it is our business to free human life from as many as possible of its difficulties’ (Mill Principles of political philosophy in collected works II p.943) Liberalism holds that individuals are the locus of moral consideration, and securing individual freedom is paramount. An extreme form of liberal individualism; atomism holds that the individual is central to socio-political theory or practice, ontologically prior to society, egotistic, self seeking and self reliant. Modern Liberalism has a more optimistic bent in its understanding of social responsibility and mutual respect. Political Liberalism stresses the social contract[1], under which citizens make the laws and agree to abide by those laws. It is based on the belief that individuals know best what is best for them. This is the characteristic theme of liberal ideology, and ideas of justice and freedom stem from the primacy of the individual. Rationalism[2] greatly influenced the liberal concept of an individual. The idea of a rational man was an important precursor to social non-intervention, as the rational man is capable of defining and pursuing his own path in society, rendering the idea of a paternal government unnecessary. Modern liberals appreciate the inequality of self reliance and seek to strike a balance between intervention and decentralisation. The emphasis on and openness to reason in liberal societies emanates from the many dichotomies at its heart: On one hand natural man is seen as rational and socially conscious, while on the other egotistic and selfish. One the one hand men are capable on the other needy. This tension in Liberalism is reflected by the fact that is has met with discussion, debate and argument since its inception. A willingness to offer reasoned explanations for its theories is central to liberal ideology. Liberalism favours neutral government, in that it is not for the state to determine personal values. As John Rawls put it in his Theory of Justice, ‘The state has no right to determine a particular conception of the good life’ (Rawls 1999). The idea of the good life has been used in political philosophy to denote a course of action the rational man takes when in favourable political circumstances. Rawls argues that liberal governments should provide these favourable conditions but never attempt to dictate how citizens should go about the acquisition of happiness. This idea of neutrality is closely connected to tolerance, and in particular the willingness to celebrate political and religious diversity. Since the developments in economics in the late 18th century Liberals have stressed the importance of a free markets, and seek to limit government intervention in domestic economy and foreign trade. In Andrew Heywood’s words the attraction of classical economics to liberal ideology ‘was that, although each individual is materially self-interested, the economy itself is though to operate according to a set of impersonal pressures – market forces – that tend naturally to promote economic prosperity and well being.’ (Heywood 1987) Modern liberals support government responsibility for health, education, and alleviating poverty yet still call for a market based on independent exchange and tend to believe in decentralisation. The central tenets of modern Liberalism are the primacy of the individual, freedom, tolerance, a commitment to reason and debate, and a free-market economy. Liberalism is egalitarian; based on principles of democracy, classlessness, equality and openness, and is antonymous to oppressive and tyrannical authoritarianism. Liberalism advocates civil rights for all citizens: establishing justice though the protection and privileges of personal liberty. It includes the equal treatment of all citizens irrespective of race, gender and class. These core beliefs directly influence much of day to day life, but we will focus on the implications for the practice of social work. Social work and Liberal ideology Social work is a discipline involving the application of social theory and research methods to societal problems. It incorporates and uses other social sciences and political philosophy as a means to improve the human condition and positively change society's response to these problems, through understanding and acting upon their causes, solutions and human impacts. What constitutes a social problem? And what constitutes a solution to a social problem? In the western world the answers to these questions stem from governmental policy based on the principles of Liberalism. In a modern liberal society a social problem is one that contradicts the core liberal principles. A solution is that which removes the restrictions to people flourishing. For these reasons ideology implicit in societal interactions effects what we know as social problems and solutions. Poverty and alienation are profound social problems and major causes of suffering in modern society. Taking poverty, Liberalism ideology believes that every individual should have the freedom to succeed economically, and not live in poverty. We have seen already that while early Liberals emphasised non-intervention, modern liberals endorse more involved governance on issues such as welfare. This reflects a central tension in the practical applicability of Liberalism ideology highlighted by Maureen Ramsey in her book what’s wrong with Liberalism? ‘Since both forms of Liberalism endorse private ownership, the economic redistribution required to tackle poverty will inevitable infringe particular individual rights to liberty’ (1997, pg66). The emphasis on individual liberty and progress at the heart of liberal capitalist economies has been accused of perpetuating this tension. Furthermore, welfare as a concept contradicts the moral neutrality that is central to the pr inciple of tolerance in Liberalism. By providing a range of services designed to bring about the public good the state is making judgements about what is good, beyond the self seeking satisfaction of subjective desires. This leads Ramsey to conclude that ‘the provision of welfare [is] at odds with basic liberal assumptions’ (pg, 66). Examples from social work where the right to escape poverty is being restricted could include a daughter being held back from going to school to work for her parents, or a wife not being permitted to work. Social workers’ ability to address these problems is influenced by the traditional liberal distinction between the public and the private spheres by which liberal governments should only function in the public sphere, excluding the activities of family life. Modern liberals attempt to strike a balance between intervention and non intervention. However, because of the tensions concerning the private sphere, political neutrality and accountability, this balance remains problematic. Many agree with Pateman that these restrictions render care ineffective and the areas of social work that can deal with poverty are too limited.[3] ‘Precisely because Liberalism conceptualises civil society in abstraction from ascriptive domestic life, the latter remains forgotten.’ (Pa teman, 1987 p. 107) The liberal legacy of limited intervention and reason has resulted in an often debilitating caution concerning social work, even in the more extreme areas of its application. Taking the examples of ‘baby p’ and Victoria Climbià © the social services have been accused of being too optimistic about the intentions of citizens and missing the signs that could have helped them avoid such awful tragedies.[4] However, intuitions support the distance between the private and the public spheres. The idea of children being taken away from their parents is invariably seen as a last resort, a relaxation of this attitude may have saved many children, but it may also create other awful situations in which children are taken away from good families. It would demand more care and attention to complex detail than necessary for our purposes here to question the role of political ideology in these terrible events. Alienation is another complicated issue facing modern liberal society. Liberal ideology does not have a core belief connected with the negativity of isolation because of an understanding of human nature that emphasises the priority of the individual. This is often seen as a deficiency as many hold that the intuitions constructed by Liberalism have produced a situation where individuals have shallower relations with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in understanding and adapting to each other's uniqueness. This points to another of the tensions within Liberalism: it promotes tolerance but through its emphasis on individual freedom encourages isolation. Many sociologists are concerned about the alienating effects of modernization, describing how relationships become mediated through money because economic freedom is considered an essential element of individual liberty. This has also been accused of contributing to the loss of primary relationships such as familial bonds in favour of goal oriented secondary relationships. The concepts of the private sphere, individual freedom, tolerance and political neutrality greatly affect what we deem to be within the role of a social worker. The balance between intervention and personal freedom rests as precariously now as any time since Mill. Free market capitalism is at its weakest in decades, giving new impetus to the charge that economic Liberalism is guilty of creating a more selfish society where the pursuit of personal wealth is more destructive that constructive. Is liberal ideology repressive? Liberalism is accused of repressing positive aspects of human nature. To call Liberal ideology repressive though, is extreme. Liberalism allows for repressive forces to emerge due to its emphasis on individual liberty and freedom of speech and thought, but allowing repressive tendencies to emerge is not adhering to them, and liberal societies should not be blamed for the emergence of alternative ideologies within them. Social and corporate responsibility are genuine possibilities in liberal society and are prevalent in modern liberal theory. There are problems with Liberalism, but I suggest they do not serve as aspects of a repressive ideology. We ought to remember that Liberalism emerged from the compassionate desire to eradicate authoritarian rule in order to secure freedom for every man. This is a noble aspiration with compassion for all at its core. As industrialisation and free market economies took over, the role of welfare in liberal states became important because of the same aspirations, to help every single person in a society. The change from non-intervention to intervention evidences the claim that ideologies have to adapt to contexts, and this is where Liberalism has a unique quality, a profound capacity for renewal. The classic versus modern Liberalism debate could only occur in the climate of discussion debate and argument that defined the rationalist movement. The tensions in Liberalism were inherited from this theoretical foundation and have maintained their capacity for renewal. The tensions in Liberali sm reflect the scope for continual reappraisal, it is not dogmatic, and is open to public scrutiny through the democratic process. Challenges are being made and listened to within liberal society. For example, the Social liberals[5] introduced scepticism concerning the idea of free markets, seeing unrestricted trade as leading to the growth of multi-national corporations and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the few, seen as contradicting the intention of liberty for all. These socially responsible tendencies are not entirely new editions to liberal theory and in fact are latent in political Liberalism. While the early Liberals like Locke saw liberty as a natural right, Liberalism has never held that the entitlement to freedom is absolute. In On Liberty ([1859] 1972, p.73) Mill argued that ‘power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community [If it] is to prevent harm from others’. Liberalism emerged as a move away from blind adherence to political dogma based on static views of a divine ordered reality, towards a scientific and compassionate concern for every citizen. To conclude that Liberalism must involve repression is excessive given the underlying desire to stand for the opposite. Conclusion. The practice of social work in modern liberal society rests on liberal principles. By locating the connections between social work and Liberalism ideology, we have seen how practical social knowledge is influenced by liberal philosophical assumptions. These central tenets of Liberalism are liberty, tolerance, and a free-market economy. These core beliefs affect all areas of social life, including social work. The tensions that permeate the practices of liberal governments are present in the field of social work and valuable indicators of the complexity of the issues social workers face. Crucially, they are open to reform. There are deep social problems in liberal society, of which poverty and alienation are paramount. What we can learn from these problems is that if Liberalism will succeed in its aspirations it needs to expand its scope to include more social and corporate responsibility, and a greater understanding of community. The emphasis on the individual, particularly in the economic brand of Liberalism, can repress aspects of human nature that seem central to the compassion and egalitarianism that motivated the creation of liberal theories. If empathy and care are a consequence of our social nature then we need an account of the individual as interdependent, opposed to the atomised individual of classic liberal theory. The tensions in liberal political theory and the concomitant problems for social work don’t call for abandonment of Liberalism ideology because it has as its basis the appropriate mechanisms to progress: democracy and education, the capacity for renewal and the compassionate aspiration to secure freedom. They call for reappraisal and reform. Bibliography Political Ideologies an introduction Heywood, Andrew. Palgrave 1992 Liberalism and modern society Bellamy, Richard. Polity press 1992 What’s wrong with Liberalism Ramsay, Maureen. Leicester University Press 1997 A Theory of Justice revised edition Rawls, John. OUP 1999 After Virtue MacIntyre, Alasdair. Duckworth 1981 Feminist critiques of the public/private dichotomy in Feminism and inequality Phillips A (ed) Blackwell 1987. 1 Footnotes [1] Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan saw the first use of the social contract. [2] In its broadest sense rationalism is any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. Here it denotes the enlightenment philosophical movement of Hume Kant etc. [3] Such as income assistance and job training/placement. [4] The GMC examined the role of Dr Sabah Al-Zayyat, who examined Baby P two days before his death has been accused of failing to spot his injuries, and three council workers were given written warnings about their actions. Source: Haringey Council Internal Audit Serious Case Review. Haringey Council (2008-11-12). [5] In Britain, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, a group of thinkers known as the social or new liberals who included John Stuart Mill, argued that the poverty and ignorance people lived in made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. They believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong welfare-oriented interventionist state.

Russia :: essays research papers fc

Comparative Politics Gerard Chretien RUSSIA: POLITICAL STRUCTURE: Summary: Why the democratic structure in Russia is proving to be unsuccessful. INTRODUCTION: The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, disintegrating into thirteen different states. Ever since the political structure of Russia has been viable and lacks stability. Many reasons can be cited for this instability out of which the bearish economy and a shaky democratic system are the main causes. ANALYSIS: The reforms taken after Russia’s disintegration have yet to be proved fruitful. The economy is in no better shape then before and politically Russia has great set backs in the name of the ongoing war with Muslim freedom fighters in Chechnya. â€Å"The most important factor that needs to be established is economic growth. Successful economic development will ease the transition and enable violence and dissention among the races very avoidable. If resources are abundant and properly distributed then multiple markets can grow. However, when resources run scarce and competition arises for limited assets then violence and animosity become the only plausible alternatives. If two industries fiercely compete for limited resources then one is likely to be forced out of the market. A sound and developing economy is essential for the happiness and orderly conduct of the people (Barner-Barry & Hody, 1995)(1). Another problem cited in the progress is the difficulty of transition from communism to democracy when the government officials are trained in the old system. The process of privatization requires lengths of time and willingness of the people to take upon the businesses for which they require full governmental protection, easy paper work and full rights over their property. â€Å"If Russia is to make the transition, it must rediscover civil society (the informal network of family, church, service organization and the like). Strong civil society provides the political culture that supports liberal institutions, but the Communist Party deliberately destroyed many elements of civil society to ensure party dominance. Russia faces moral, economic, and legal gaps in its civil society. Hence Russia has a difficult road to achieve democracy.†(2) It was a widely held belief that with the fall of the Soviet Union Russia would make a rapid transition into democracy and free markets. â€Å"This overlooks the crucial role of political culture in shaping and supporting political and economic institutions. Russia did not have the political culture appropriate to western-style institutions and so became chaotic and lawless. For Russians, democracy became a dirty word, as it symbolized Russia’s troubles.

Free Essays - Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

J.D Salinger gives his personal vision of the world successfully through his persona Holden Caulfield in the ‘Catcher in the Rye’.   Caulfield struggles with the background of New York to portray Salinger’s theme – you must live the world as it is, not as you would like it to be.   There by exposing Salinger’s vision on the world. Salinger went through many of the experiences Holden went though.   Salinger much like Holden had a sister that he loved very much, in the novel Phoebe is the only person that Holden speaks highly of; both men also spent time in a mental institution; Holden is telling the story from inside a institution; they were both kicked out of prep school and most importantly they were both a recluse from society.   This is why Salinger uses Holden as his persona all though out the book.   The ‘catcher in they Rye’ is almost like an autobiography for Salinger. He is using Holden as his persona to let us, the reader, dive into his thought pattern and find out some of the thoughts that he kept locked up in there. Salinger’s view of the world is lived out thought Holden – his persona. The novel is Holden’s steam of conscience as he is talking to a psychoanalyst â€Å"what would an psychoanalyst do†¦gets you to talk†¦for one thing he’d help you to recognise the patterns of your mind†. At the start of the novel it is addressed directly to us â€Å"if you really want to hear about it†. This gives us a sense of reality as though it is us that is the psychiatrist. We see the random thought patterns of Holden’s mind as he starts to feel more comfortable, Holden goes off on to many different tangents while he is talking. Salinger is using Holden as a type of easy way out to confess his view of the world.   This view is portrayed though two main aspects of the novel.   Firstly theme - you must live in a world as it is, not as you would like it to be.   Holden can’t seem to accept the world as it is and finds New York extremely â€Å"phoney†.   Holden has a great disliking for the movies, he finds them the phoniest of them all â€Å"I hate the movies like poison† and he cant believe that people actually make time to go to the there.

Annotation of the Children of Hurin

The purpose of this essay is to be a book review, and an analysis of the writing as a whole. It has been said that this is Tolkien’s darkest work, which goes along with the theme of Darkness and Wickedness throughout the book. Tolkien’s time period, religion, and upbringing have shaped his works; including this one. Quote â€Å"he can make one feel the darkness and wickedness, and its insidious nature as it silently seeps into human hearts and minds, which alters their behavior leading to human demise. This is very true in The Children of Hurin; there are characters that because of their wickedness that is inside, or cast upon them end up perishing due to their choices and behaviors. I do not necessarily agree with Witherington that human pride goes before the fall, and it makes us vulnerable to powers of darkness. I do not understand the connection of how pride can cause vulnerability to the darkness. If someone is prideful then they may not take heed to others advice and counsel, but that doesn't necessarily mean that it will cause them to fall into darkness easier than someone who isn't.The protagonist Turin sets out on his journey in a world that is occupied with evil and wickedness. So far Turin hasn't fallen into obscurity and evil ways and he has a lot of pride in this story. What is personally interesting to me in this essay is Witherington’s correlation of â€Å"Tolkien's use of the motif of the creeping darkness of evil which falls upon the realm owes more to the Biblical notion of the effects of the Fall than to Norse lore. †

In Cold Blood Essay Questions Essay

1) In Cold Blood is a non-fiction novel, but how is it more like journalism than an ordinary work of fiction? Truman Capote wrote the book in brief sections, setting the scene and then putting a break in the narrative, the way the book is structured with several plotlines happening at the same time it keeps the reader on edge, giving it a classic crime-genre technique to always keep the reader in suspense. On top of this he pays close attention to the setting around the dialogue, producing powerful imagery for the reader. The dialogue is factual, which reduces Capotes’ personal involvement, and with the descriptive, tense paragraphs, to heighten suspense. In the book we see two of the main characters, Dick and Perry, their interests and family background which we can see Capotes’ journalism through his reporting. In an interview for the New York Times in 1966, Capote said, â€Å"It seemed to me that journalism, reportage, could be forced to yield a serious new art form: the ‘nonfiction novel,’ as I thought of it †¦ Journalism is the most underestimated, the l east explored of literary mediums,† 2) In what ways does Capote reveal the nature of his research through the construction of the book? In Cold Blood takes a unique view on a horrific story, and gives a non-biased opinion, by looking into the minds of the people involved. In Capotes’ research he found that his background was surprisingly close to one of the man characters, Perry Smith, with both the author and the character both ridiculed as children. Though we can see that the author doesn’t forgive Perry, we can see Capotes’ sympathy. Capote knew how powerful suspense can be, and he used this to the full potential. With the clutter bodies being found at the house twice, with a quote that spans six pages. Also when Perry Smith makes his confession, 200 pages later, there is another quote that spans several pages, with the quote broken up only when he was interrupted by the questioner. 3) How does Capote colour the opening section of the book with a sense of impending murder and doom? What does this tell you about the book’s relationship to journalism? With the opening chapter being named â€Å"the Last To See Them Alive† We can immediately see that murder is about to take place. Also when Capote starts describing the characters he keeps referring to the Clutter family’s day as their last. This gives us the impending idea that the reader is aware of what happens from the opening chapter. With the murder case being a true story that happened a long time ago, the author assumes that the reader will know the story before they’ve read the book. Thus Capote builds up tension and emphasises the upcoming deaths. With most current news stories being repeated many times, journalists try and find a new angle to keep the story fresh, we can see that Capote has tried to do this in his novel, to take a news story that people have heard before and try and adapt it to keep the reader interested.